CSC/ECE 517 Fall 2014/ch1a 4 lf
Lift is a web application framework designed for Scala Programming Language. It was designed by David Polka who was dissatisfied with Ruby on Rails. It was launched on February 26, in 2007 as an Open Source framework under the Apache 2.0 License.
Background
Lift is an expressive framework for building web applications using Scala. It borrows concept from Grails, Ruby on Rails, Seaside, Wicket and Django<ref name = "LiftWiki">Lift (web framework), Wikipedia</ref>. Lift is designed to make powerful techniques easily accessible, while keeping the overall framework simple and flexible.<ref name = "Book"> Derek Chen-Beccker et al. The Definitive Guide to Lift </ref>
Just like Rails, it favors convention over configuration: it decreases the number of decisions that developers need to make. The creators of Lift have cherry-picked the best ideas from a number of other frameworks, while adding some ideas on their own. Lift is intended to work out of the box and to make creating web pages as efficient and productive as possible<ref name="Book" />
Examples
Basic Scala
Skip this if you know Scala and how to use Lift.
Scala is an extremely flexible and feature-ful language, but you don't need to know much about it to get started with Lift. Read more about Scala some time, but here is all I think you need to know to get started if you already know Java or a similar language.
A Scala function definition looks like this:
def [function-name] ([parameter-name]: [parameter-type]) : [return-type] = [function-body]
so
def taste (food: Consumable) : Opinion = evaluate(food)
defines a function called taste that takes a Consumable as a parameter (food) and returns an Opinion
calls evaluate and returns the result, which must be an Opinion
The function body starts after the equals sign (=) and often starts on the same line
The last value is returned - no explicit return is required, but since the language is strongly typed there is protection against accidentally returning meaningless values of the wrong type
Now you can read Scala.
Java VS Scala
When building class definitions, it’s common to have to build so-called getter and setter methods in order to set the values of that instance. This typically creates a lot of noise in the implementation (as seen in the Java example that follows). Scala combats this by using the case modifier to automatically provision standard functionality into the class definition. Given an instance of the Person case class, calling person.name would return the name value.
| JAVA | SCALA |
| public class Person { private int _age; |
case class Person( name: String, age: Int) |
More Information
Lift
Characteristics
The main characteristics of the Lift framework are:
- Resistant to common vulnerabilities
- Fast to build, concise and easy to maintain
- High performance and scale in the real world to handle big traffic levels
- Interactive like a desktop application
Features
View First Approach
Lift does not follow the Model-View-Controller concept. It rather follows the "View First" approach, i.e., it focuses on what to display on the page rather than focusing on the programming of the objects and the logic that builds the page. Lift takes the approach that there should be no code in the presentation layer, but it should be flexible enough to accommodate any conceivable uses. For this, Liift usess a powerful templating system, Wicket, to bind user-generated data into the presentation layer.
The View-First template means that the we start with an XML template, i.e., the view, and then embed, or execute, independent components to fill in the template. The benefit of this is that the page components become more modular, which makes modifying pages and reusing page components much simpler.
XML Processing Capabilities
Lift's templating is built on the XML processing capabilities of the scala language, and allows things such as:
- Nested templates
- Simple injection of user-generated content
- Advanced data capabilities.
Lift's advanced template and XML processing allows the developer to essentially write custom tag libraries at a very less cost in terms of time and effort.
Support for Java
Lift runs on Scala. Scala runs on top of the JVM. This means that any and all of the java libraries and web containers can be used in running Lift applications. Java files can be used inside the project, such that Lift references the code used in a Java file, while Java can reference the code used in a Lift file
Support for Advanced Features
Dynamic web content is authored into the web pages via templates using the standard HTML5 or XHTML editors. Lift's powerful support for AJAX and Comet allows the developer to use Web 2.0 features with very little effort.
Comet
Lift leverages Scala's Actor library to provide a message-driven framework for Comet updates. In most cases, adding Comet support to a page just involves extending a trait to define the rendering method of the paage and adding an extra function call the links to dispatch the update message. Lift handles all of the backend and page-side coding to effect the Comet polling
AJAX
AJAX support includes special handlers for doing AJAX form submission via JSON, and almost any link function can easily be turned into an AJAX version with a few keystrokes. Lift has a class hierarchy for encapsulating JavaScript calls via direct JavaScript, jQuery or Yahoo User Interface library. The code can be generated automatically, reducing or eliminating the need to put JavaScript logic into the templates.
Scala
Introduction
Features
Scala stands for "Scalable Language". Scala is a relatively new language developed by Martin Odersky and his programming language research group at EPFL in Switzerland. The Scala programming language can be used for making general software application, or for web development. Scala is a pure-bred object-oriented language: Every value is an object, and every operation is a method call. The language is quite similar to Ruby.
The biggest difference between Ruby and Scala is that, Scala compiles to Java bytecode and runs on the Java Virtual Machine. Thus, it is possible to mix up Java and Scala. Both the languages can be used together for a single project; Scala code can refer the Java code and Java code can refer Scala code without any errors turning up. Scala introduces some very powerful features designed to make the developer more productive. Some of the features are :
- Extremely rich type system
- A powerful type inference
- Native XML processing
- Full support for closures and functions as objects
- Extensive high-level library
Scala is called "the statically typed dynamic language"<ref name = "Book"/>. It is possible to write code as quickly as with dynamically typed languages like Python, Ruby etc, but the language offers compile-time type safety like Java.
Scala is a also a hybrid functional and object-oriented language, which means one can get the power of the higher-level functional programming languages while retaining the modularity and reusability of OO components. The language uses very strong static type system and the compiler deciphers the types of the variables used. Just like Ruby, programs written in Scala can be very concise and thus, are smaller in size than in most languages.
Helpful Links
Lift Download Links
1. http://liftweb.net/download.html
2. https://github.com/lift/framework
3. http://scala-ide.org/docs/tutorials/lift24scalaide20/index.html
Lift Tutorials links
1. http://simply.liftweb.net/
2. http://www.liftweb.net/
3. https://www.assembla.com/wiki/show/liftweb/Getting_Started
4. http://hedleyproctor.com/2011/10/tutorial-building-your-first-lift-app-with-sbt/
Helpful Links for Lift resources
| Resource | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|
| Main Lift site | First and foremost is the main Lift homepage. Here you’ll find the latest
news about Lift, regularly updated as time goes by. This page also has links to the source code, the issue tracker, and the wiki. |
http://liftweb.net |
| Assembla | Lift moved to the Assembla platform for its wiki and bug-tracking requirements
some time ago, and since then it has accumulated a fair amount of community-created articles. |
https://www.assembla.com/wiki/show/liftweb |
| Mailing list | The Google group is the official support channel for Lift. If you have a
question, you can come to the mailing list and find a friendly, responsive community that will be more than happy to answer your questions. |
http://groups.google.com/group/liftweb |
| IRC channel | IRC isn’t as popular as it once was, but you’ll still find some of the Lift
team hanging out in IRC from time to time. |
https://www.freenode.net |
References
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