CSC/ECE 517 Fall 2007/wiki1b 6 aa
Take a case of the Singleton pattern and implement it as succinctly as possible in Ruby and Java.Compare the two implementations in terms of clarity and succinctness.The example should be a "real-world" example. While it may be grossly oversimplified for the purpose of illustration, it should not be totally contrived (i.e., should not raise the question, Why would anyone ever want to do that?).
Singleton Pattern
The singleton pattern is one of the design patterns in software engineering. Singleton pattern limits the instantiation of a class to only one object to ensure that no other instantiation exists. Therefore this pattern is useful when the system needs only one instance of a class but multiple accesses from different parts of the system.
Singleton Versus Global Variable
Singleton is very similar to global variable. One might argue that a static global variable could perform equivalently as a singleton class. However, there are differences between singleton and global variable which make them serve different purposes.
For one thing, although singletons and global variables can be accessed "globally", singleton pattern puts strict limit in the instantiation of a class. A system cannot instantiate two or more objects of a class when applied singleton. On the contrary, users can always create a number of global variables even if they will produce conflicts. Hence singleton pattern place the responsibility of restricting instantiation on the class itself.
For the other thing, because singleton is implemented in class level, developer can add more functionality to perform more complex logic than a global variable. Global variables reflect the way programmers declare variables, while singletons focus on limiting instantiation.
Pros and Cons of Singleton Pattern
Pros
- Direct Control: Singleton design pattern has direct control upon the number of instantiation.
- Responsibility Shift: Usually it is the programmer's responsibility to assure that there is only one instance, which will cause potential problems when carelessly designed. Utilizing singleton pattern shift the responsibility to the class itself to eliminate such problems.
- Called When Needed: The "single" instance is always created when the getInstance() is called at the first time. Hence singleton is called only when it's really needed.
- Reduced Namespace: It saves the name space by reducing the number of global variables that store sole instances.
- Enhanced Extensibility: Singleton pattern can be easily extended to allow any number of objects to be instantiated. Of course, it is still the class that owns the responsibility.
Cons
- Misuse: Sometimes singleton pattern is misused. It is unnecessary to use singleton when it's simpler to pass resource as a reference to the objects rather than letting objects access the resource globally.
- Mix Two Responsibilities to Classes: By using singleton, we make the classes to decide if they are singletons or not. However, someone argues that this responsibility should be taken by a factory or builder pattern that encapsulates creation, and limit the instantiation there.
- Banned Polymorphism: Singletons tightly couple programmers to the exact type of the singleton object, removing the opportunity to use polymorphism to substitute an alternative.
- Long Last States: Singleton carries states that last throughout the program. This nature can fail the unit test when they shouldn't, or have tests pass just because of the order in which they were run.
- Cause Lazy Programmers: Since singleton is easy to use and good at avoiding problems, programmers might prefer not to think carefully about the appropriate visibility of an object, and just use singleton. However, proper exposure and protection for an object is critical for maintaining flexibility.
UML Class Diagram
Common Uses
- Record global states
- Façade objects are often singletons since only one Façade object is required.
- Implement Builder Pattern, Prototype Pattern: : Builder and prototype patterns can use singleton pattern to their implementations.
- Implement Abastract Factory Pattern: If all factory objects are stored globally in a singleton object, and all client code goes through the singleton to access the proper factory for object creation, then changing factories is as easy as changing the singleton object.
Real World Example
Let's take the example of the Earth. Because we only have one earth, it is logical to implement the Earth class as a singleton. Inside the class, "currentCondition" describes the state (current condition) of the earth.
Ruby Implementation
require 'Singleton' class Earth include Singleton # include singleton mixin attr_accessor :currentCondition end
Java Implementation
public class Earth {
private Earth()
{
// override the contructor to make it private
}
private static Earth ref;
// make the method thread safe
public static Earth getEarth()
{
if (ref == null)
synchronized (Earth.class) { // for thread-safety
if (ref == null) ref = new Earth ( );
}
return ref;
}
// override the clone method and throws "CloneNotSupported Exception" if invoked
public Object clone()
throws CloneNotSupportedException
{
throw new CloneNotSupportedException();
}
private String currentCondition="I was beautiful and clean";
// get the current condition of the earth
public String getCurrentCondition(){
return currentCondition;
}
// set the current condition of the earth
public void setCurrentCondition(String str){
currentCondition=str;
}
}
Comparison
Ruby can implement singleton pattern by simply referring the singleton module and then all its methods will be included. The singleton mixin makes the constructor inaccessible, overrides clone and dup methods, and takes care of all the threading complications.
Java has no mixins, so singleton implementation in Java has to do the following:
- Block off access to constructor by making it private
- Provide a static method for getting an instance of the singleton,
- Prevent cloning by overriding the clone() method explicitly
- Ensure thread safety
Succinctness
In terms of succinctness, Ruby obviously wins over Java. Only one line of code "include Singleton" enables all the functionalities while Java use a dozen of lines to accomplish.
Clarity
In terms of clarity, Ruby also surpasses Java. For Ruby, after including singleton mixin, it is ready to create/get the only object using "instance" method. However, in Java, there is no uniform method to create/get the only object of the singleton class. Since it is the developer's responsibility to implement the singleton class, different methods could be used (such as "getInstance" "Instance" "returnInstance") to create/get the object.
Test
We create class People to test the singleton class Earth. In Java, People class has a pollute method, which accepts Earth object as parameter. Thanks to the duck-typing feature, the parameter type does not matter much in Ruby . We try to test if there is only one earth object created. The test goes through the following steps:
- Create earth1 and earth2 using object creation mechanism of the Earth class.
- Print the states of earth1 and earth2 (currentCondition) before invoking People's pollute method.
- Invoke People's pollute method on earth1.
- Print the final states of earth1 and earth2 (currentCondition).
Ruby Test Code
class People def pollute(a) # pollute an earth object a.currentCondition="i am dirty and polluted" end def test p=People.new #suppose we have two "earthes" earth1=Earth.instance earth2=Earth.instance earth1.currentCondition="I am beautiful and clean" #both earth1 and earth2 are "beautiful and clean" puts "earth1 says: " + earth1.currentCondition puts "earth2 says: " + earth2.currentCondition # we (people) pollute earth1 p.pollute(earth1) puts "After people pollute earth1" #both earth1 and earth2 are "dirty and polluted", because earth1==earth2 puts "earth1 says: " + earth1.currentCondition puts "earth2 says: " + earth2.currentCondition end end p=People.new p.test
Java Test Code
public class People {
public void pollute(Earth earth){
earth.getEarth().setCurrentCondition("I am dirty and polluted");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
People p=new People();
// suppose we have two earths earth1 and earth2
Earth earth1= Earth.getEarth();
Earth earth2= Earth.getEarth();
// and both earth1 and earth2 are "beautiful and clean"
System.out.println("earth1 says: " +earth1.getCurrentCondition());
System.out.println("earth2 says: " +earth2.getCurrentCondition());
// suppose we only pollute earth1
p.pollute(earth1);
System.out.println("After people pollute earth1");
// earth1 will be "dirty and polluted"
System.out.println("earth1 says: " +earth1.getCurrentCondition());
// earth2 is also "dirty and polluted" Why? we only have one earth earth1==earth2!
System.out.println("earth2 says: " +earth2.getCurrentCondition());
}
}
Test Result
Both the Java code and the Ruby code will produce the following output
earth1 says: I was beautiful and clean earth2 says: I was beautiful and clean After people pollute earth1 earth1 says: I am dirty and polluted earth2 says: I am dirty and polluted
Before invoking People's pollute method, earth1 and earth2 are "beautiful and clean", and after invoking the method on earth1, both earth 1 and earth2 change to be "dirty and polluted". This illustrates that actually only one Earth object was created. "We have only one earth"
References
- Programming Ruby: The programmatic programmer’s guide
- Head First Design Patterns
- Design Patterns - Wikipedia
- Singleton Pattern Created By: Deema Temraz
- Why Singletons Are Evil