CSC/ECE 517 Fall 2011/ch2 2c ac
Mixin versus Interface
Introduction
-- This is not the introduction yet. It's just an attempt to directly answer the questions from the teacher --
Functionality such as Comparable is done in Java with interfaces and in Ruby with mixins.
Is there an advantage in using one or another?
In Ruby, you only have to provide the logic for the <==> method and you'll get the <, >, <=, >=, == , between methods for free. In Java, when you implement the Comparable interface you'll have to provide the logic for the >, < and == comparisons. You'll have to code the logic for <=, >=, between yourself outside of the Comparable interface if you need those functions. In this case Ruby, out of the box, gives you more than Java.
Consider other behaviors achieved with mixins in Ruby: Singleton, Enumerable, and DataMapper, for example.
Could you accomplish these with interfaces in Java?
In Ruby, when a class includes the Singleton module it'll automatically become a singleton. In Java, you have to implement the Singleton pattern in each class that you want to be a singleton. In this case Ruby allows you to write less code than Java.
Also in relation to the DataMapper design pattern, it seems more straightforward using the DataMapper Ruby gem then a Java library such as mybatis.
Does this mean that mixins are more powerful?
Or can interfaces achieve some purposes that mixins can't?
Definition
Early/static binding (Java)
All method invocations must be defined at compile time. (Bowler)
Late/dynamic binding (Ruby)
The runtime does not check that a given method exists until an attempt to invoke it. (Bowler)
Multiple Inheritance
Multiple inheritance is a feature of some object-oriented computer programming languages in which a class can inherit behaviors and features from more than one superclass. (From Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_inheritance)
Inheritance vs Composition
"Inheritance represents an incredibly tight coupling of two components. Change a parent class and you risk breaking the child class. But even worse, if code that uses objects of the child class relies on those objects also having methods defined in the parent, then all that code will brake too." (Thomas 84)
In Ruby, “the include statement makes a reference to a module. If multiple classes include that module they’ll all point to the same thing. If you change the definition of a method within that module, even while your program is running, all classes that include the module will exhibit the new behavior.” (Thomas 79)
Interfaces in Java
In its most common form, an interface is a group of related methods with empty bodies. (From http://download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/concepts/interface.html)
Modules in Ruby
Modules in Ruby are a way to group together methods, classes and constants. They are similar to namespaces in languages such as C++. (From lecture 6 note)
Mixin using Modules
The most interesting use of modules is to define mixins. When you include a module within a class, all its functionality becomes available to the class. Not only can modules contain class methods; they can also contain instance methods. (From lecture 6 note)
Feature Comparison
| Features | Ruby Mixins | Java Interfaces |
|---|---|---|
| Add functionality/behavior to a class | Yes. When a Ruby module gets mixed in a Ruby class, the class receives the implementation (behavior) of the methods defined in the module. | No. A Java interface "can contain only constants, method signatures, and nested types. There are no method bodies. Interfaces cannot be instantiated—they can only be implemented by classes or extended by other interfaces." (Java Interface) |
| Favor composition over inheritance | Yes. The class that includes a module establishes a "use-a" relationship with the module. This is composition. | No. The class that implements an interface establishes a "is-a" relationship with the interface. This is inheritance. |
| The code of the mixin/interface interacts with the code of the class that includes/implements it | Yes. A mixed-in module can implement methods in terms of the host's class methods. See the Enumerable example. | No. An interface provides a set of method signatures that the host class must implement. An interface provides no implementation of methods. |
Mixin
Mixin Advantage
Mixin can inherit behavior of modules while Interface only inherit method signature.
Mixin Disadvantage
"A mixed-in module's instance variables can clash with the ones of the host class or with the ones of other mixins."(Thomas 82) There are programming practices to avoid this potential problem.
Interfact
Interface Advantage
Method collision is handled more carefully with Interface. The method clashes are eliminated during compile time.
Interface Disadvantage
Examples
We are going to compare mixin and interface implementions by looking at some code examples.
Comparable
Comparable provides a set of operations that can be used to compare two objects.
In Ruby
If a Ruby class wants to use Comparable functions, it needs to define a method called <=> (sometimes called “rocket”). Ones the rocket function is defined, we get a lot of comparison functions for free, such as <, >, <=, >=, == and the method between.
Suppose we have a Rectangle class.
class Rectangle
attr_reader :x,:y
def initialize(x,y)
@x,@y=x,y
end
end
Now we want to compare the area of two rectangles. We can do so by include the Comparable mixin.
class Rectangle
include Comparable
def area
x*y
end
def <=>(other)
self.area<=>other.area
end
end
The <=> function uses Comparable mixin of Fixnum class to compare the area of two rectangles. We can call the Comparable methods on Rectangle objects.
r1 = Rectangle.new(3,4) r2 = Rectangle.new(4,5) puts r1.area if r1 < r2 puts "The area of Rectangle 1 is smaller than Rectangle 2" else if r1 > r2 puts "The area of Rectangle 1 is larger than Rectangle 2" else puts "The area of Rectangle 1 equals to Rectangle 2" end end =>12 =>The area of Rectangle 1 is smaller than Rectangle 2
In Java
Java provides Comparable interface. A Java class implements Comparable interface need to define compareTo method.
For the same Rectangle class example, we need to define compareTo method, and define each of the <=> operators within the method.
package classes;
public class Rectangle implements Comparable {
private int x,y;
public Rectangle(int width, int length)
{
x=width;
y=length;
}
public int area()
{
return x*y;
}
public int compareTo(Object otherRectangle)
{
/*
* If passed object is of type other than Rectangle, throw ClassCastException
*/
if(!(otherRectangle instanceof Rectangle)){
throw new ClassCastException("Invalid object");
}
/*
* If left operand less than right operand return -1
* If left operand greater than right operand return 1
* If left operand equals to right operand return 0
*/
int otherArea=((Rectangle)otherRectangle).area();
if (this.area() < otherArea)
return -1;
else if (this.area() > otherArea)
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
}
compareTo function is then used on Rectangle object when comparing two Rectangle objects.
package classes;
public class CompareRectangle {
public void main(String args[]){
Rectangle r1=new Rectangle(3,4);
Rectangle r2=new Rectangle(4,5);
if (r1.compareTo(r2) < 0)
System.out.println("The area of Rectangle 1 is smaller than Rectangle 2");
if (r1.compareTo(r2) > 0)
System.out.println("The area of Rectangle 1 is larger than Rectangle 2");
if (r1.compareTo(r2)==0)
System.out.println("The area of Rectangle 1 equals to Rectangle 2");
}
}
Singleton
The Singleton design pattern ensures that only one instance of a particular class may be created for the lifetime of a program.
In Ruby
The singleton library contains the Singleton module that if mixed into a class will make the class a singleton. The Singleton module makes the mixee new method private and replaces it with a method called instance that when called returns a singleton instance of the mixee.
You do not have to code the singleton functionality inside each class that needs to be a singleton.
require 'singleton'
class Klass
include Singleton
end
a,b = Klass.instance, Klass.instance
=> [#<Klass:0x007fa7a28798e8>, #<Klass:0x007fa7a28798e8>]
a == b
=> true
Klass.new
NoMethodError: private method `new' called for Klass:Class
In Java
Each class that needs to be a singleton must implement the singleton functionality itself such as in the following example.
public class Singleton {
private static final Singleton instance = new Singleton();
/**
Private constructor prevents instantiation from other classes
**/
private Singleton() {
}
public static Singleton getInstance() {
return instance;
}
}
Enumerable
The Enumerable pattern is used to describe a set of fix contants.
In Ruby
Enumerable is a standard mixin in Ruby that can be included in any class. A class wants to use Enumerable funcation needs to define each method.
Use the Rectangle class we have defined in the Comparable example, each method of Enumerable mixin can be called on an Array or Rectangle objects.
r1 = Rectangle.new(3,4)
r2 = Rectangle.new(4,5)
r3 = Rectangle.new(5,6)
[r1,r2,r3].each{|x| puts x.area}
=>12
=>20
=>30
The each method here list the area of each Rectangle object in the array.
In Java
In Java there is no interface comparable to the Enumerable mixin in Ruby defined.
DataMapper
Martin Fowler describes the Data Mapper design pattern as "a layer of software that separates the in-memory objects from the database. Its responsibility is to transfer data between the two and also to isolate them from each other. With Data Mapper the in-memory objects needn't know even that there's a database present; they need no SQL interface code, and certainly no knowledge of the database schema. (The database schema is always ignorant of the objects that use it.)"(Data Mapper)
In Ruby
The DataMapper Ruby library was originally developed to address perceived shortcomings in Ruby on Rails' ActiveRecord library. For example DataMapper lets you avoid writing raw query fragments yourself. It allows you to write
Zoo.all(:name => 'Dallas')
instead of
Zoo.find(:all, :conditions => [ 'name = ?', 'Dallas' ])
In Java
The mybatis SQL Mapping Framework implements the Data Mapper design pattern. Its setup and use though seem more complicated than the DataMapper Ruby library.
Unique Use Cases
Some use cases can achieve only through mixin, on the other hand, sometimes, interface can achieve some features that cannot be implemented with mixin.
Mixin Only Use Cases
Because of the unbound polymorphism nature, the return type of Ruby method is determined at run time. This allows a class inherits from two modules that include same method call with different return types.
In Java, a class cannot inherits from two interfaces that include same method with different return type, due to the name conflict. For example,
public interface I1 {
public void method1();
}
public interface I2 {
public int method1();
}
package classes;
import interfaces.I1;
import interfaces.I2;
public class Mul_inherit implements I1, I2{
...
}
The Mul_inherit class will give error since there are no ways to satisfy both method1 signatures from I1 and I2.
But with Mixin this example is allowed since
-
1. A method always returns a value (nil if nothing is defined).
2. The type of return object is determined at runtime.
module M1
def method1
#this method returns nothing"
end
end
module M2
def method1
"returns a string"
end
end
class Myclass
include M1
include M2
end
puts Myclass.new.method1
=>returns a string
In Ruby the latest method definition always overloads the previous one.
Interface Only Use Cases
Interface can ensure the class implements from the interface provides its own method definitions, while mixin does not provide such reassurance.
For example we have a Shape interface, and a Circle class that implements Shape
package interfaces;
public interface Shape {
public void draw();
}
package classes;
import interfaces.Shape;
public class Circle implements Shape{
public void draw()
{
System.out.println("This method draws a circle");
}
}
If Circle class does not provide a draw method, the class wil not compile.
However, in case of Ruby, a class inherits all the behavior from a module, it does not require to overload the methods within the module.
module Shape def draw raise NoMethodError, "draw method is not defined for Shape" end end class Circle include Shape end puts Circle.new.draw =>shape.rb:3:in `draw': draw method is not defined for Shape (NoMethodError)
Mixins in Java
Java does not support mixins natively.
Different approaches try to reproduce the mixin feature in Java.
One example is the cgilb Java library. It provides the Mixin class that allows multiple objects to be combined into a single larger object at run time. The methods in the generated object simply call the original methods in the underlying "delegate" objects.
A similar result is achieved at compile time by this Java annotations processor. Let's say for example that you want to combine/mix the functionality of three classes into one class. You can write a Java annotation that declares which classes you want to mix, then you pass this annotation to the annotation processor and you get the source code of a class that combines all the three behaviors.
Another approach is to implement the Decorator design pattern. In this case the new behavior is added not statically to classes at compile time but to specific objects/instances at run time.
Reference
Thomas Dave, "Programming Ruby 1.9" textbook