CSC/ECE 506 Spring 2010/KU Village

Experience with a student-written wiki textbook supplement

Edward F. Gehringer

Karishma Navalakha

Reejesh Kadanjoth

North Carolina State University

{efg, knnavala, rkadanj}@ncsu.edu

Abstract

As wiki usage becomes common in educational settings, instructors are beginning to experiment with student-authored wiki textbooks. Instead of reading textbooks selected by the instructor, students are challenged to read the primary literature and organize it for consumption by the other members of the class. This has important pedagogical advantages, as students are stimulated to take responsibility for their own learning and perform tasks similar to those in the real world. These benefits, however, come with an array of administrative challenges, including sequencing the material to be covered, and assigning other students to peer-review the submitted work. We are developing software to assist in this effort. This presentation discusses our experience with the process and the software in an advanced course on parallel computer architecture, where students were assigned to write supplements for each textbook chapter, describing how the theory covered in class was realized in state-of-the-art multicore processors.

Introduction

In the last half-dozen years, the wiki has emerged as one of the leading collaborative tools on the Web. It has the advantage that editing is done in place, without the need to pass copies around by e-mail. This eases collaboration, by making it obvious which version is the most current. Moreover, changes become visible instantly to anyone who accesses a page, which means that no intervention by the instructor is needed to disseminate new versions to the rest of the class. These characteristics make it possible for students to work together to write text that is intended to be read by their fellow students.

Forward-looking instructors were quick to apply wiki-based collaboration to a task that would heretofore have been intractable: having students write their own peer-reviewed textbook for the class. The advantages are many: Rather than simply consume what is fed to them by the instructor and textbook author(s), students now have to take responsibility for their own learning [NRC 2005], determining what is worthy of being taught to the class. In so doing, the students are "constructing" their own learning. This meshes well with constructivism [Bednar et al. 1991]--the theory that in order to assimilate knowledge thoroughly, students must "build" it in their own minds rather than simply receive it from an external source. Assigned textbooks deprive students of the motivation to decide what topics are relevant and remove the need to evaluate different points of view. For this reason, they have been called "inconsistent with constructivist principles" [Cunningham et al. 2000].

Researching a wiki textbook forces students to read the primary literature--a skill that is very necessary in the outside world, and one that is rarely given thorough attention in undergraduate courses. If left to their own devices, students favor secondary research sources like Wikipedia [Rainie 2007]. Ironically, this testifies both to the attractiveness of the wiki for constructing reference works, and the need to encourage students to do their own research.

Writing a textbook article is beneficial because it is expository writing. A broad body of knowledge supports the idea of "writing across the curriculum" [Barnett and Blumner 2008], which says that writing experience should be integrated into every academic discipline, rather than confined to writing courses. By contributing to the textbook, students gain experience writing up their thoughts for an audience of their peers. Feedback from their classmates helps them learn from their mistakes and improve their writing skills.

Finally, in a world where textbook prices are a significant component of the cost of education, student-authored textbooks have the ability to save students money. Surprisingly, there is little evidence that students benefit from what they pay for their textbooks. A four-year old English study found "no correlation between textbook purchase and the grade received" [Carpenter et al. 2006]. While there is a developing body of research on student-authored wiki textbooks, little research has been done on the efficacy of most commercial textbooks, either before or after publication [Reys et al. 2004].

The administrative burden

Wikis take care of version control and dissemination of student writing, but many administrative issues remain. Writing a textbook is a series of different projects, which usually need to be spaced out throughout the semester. One must arrange for at least one student to choose each of the chapters or topics that need to be included. In a face-to-face class, this can be arranged by passing around a signup sheet, but in a distance-education class, software support is needed. Even in a face-to-face class, software support is useful, because choices made by students are registered automatically in the system, and students have an equal ability to sign up while there are still many topics available.

Appropriate deadlines must be assigned for each topic or chapter. Peer review requires separate deadlines for submission and review ... and, if authors are to revise their work in response to peer comments, there must be resubmission and final review deadlines as well. There is usually a precedence relationship between topics: Some topics must be learned before other topics can be presented. This means that the same four deadlines (submission, initial review, etc.) are applied to different work at different times during the semester. A topic may not be written on before all prerequisite topics have been completed. Getting all of these deadlines set is time consuming, and sending reminders to the students involved makes it more complex. Software support is clearly desirable. In the Expertiza system [Gehringer et al. 2007, Gehringer 2009], we have implemented support for signup sheets and staggered deadlines [Gehringer, Kadanjoth and Kidd 2010].

Experience with wiki-textbook writing

Our software was first deployed in CSC/ECE 506, Architecture of Parallel Computers. This is a beginning masters-level course that is taken by all Computer Engineering masters students. It is optional for Computer Science students, but as it is one way to fulfill a core requirement, it is popular with them too. The recently adopted textbook for this course is the locally written Fundamentals of Parallel Computer Architecture: Multichip and Multicore Systems [Solihin 2009]. It did not make sense to have the students rewrite this excellent text, but the book concentrates on theory and design fundamentals, without detailed application to current parallel machines. We felt that students would benefit from learning how the principles were applied in current architectures. Furthermore, they would learn about the newest machines in this fast-changing field.

After every chapter covered in class, two individuals, or pairs of students were required to sign up for writing the wiki supplement for that particular chapter. (That is, we solicited two supplements for each chapter, each of which could be authored by one or two students.) They were asked to add specific types of information which was not included in the chapter.

Initially, students were not clear about the purpose of their wiki pages. The first pages they wrote had substantial duplication of topics covered in the textbook. Students were attempting to give a complete coverage of issues discussed in the chapter. We wanted them to concentrate instead on recent developments. Upon seeing this, we established the practice of having the first two authors of this paper (Gehringer and Navalakha) review the student work, along with three peer reviews from fellow students. A lot of review time was spent providing guidance on how to revise.

At the beginning we gave the students complete freedom to explore resources for the topic they had chosen to write on. This was not very successful, as the students seemingly chose to read the first few search hits, which tended to provide an overview of the topic, rather than in-depth information on particular implementations. Sometimes students were not aware that the information they found was already covered in the next chapter, which they have not read yet. The first review which we gave students was mainly just making them aware of topics covered in later chapters. A lot of effort in writing the initial draft was thus wasted. After the first two sets of topics, we began to provide links for students to material that we wanted the students to pay attention to. Gehringer and Navalakha met weekly to discuss what to provide to students. We regularly consulted other textbooks, technology news, and Web sites of major processor manufacturers, such as Intel and AMD. As the semester progressed, the quality of the initial submissions improved, and the students realized better returns for their effort.

The quality of work seemed to improve as the semester progressed. A comparison of the grades for the wiki pages revealed that the average score for the first chapter written by each student was 83.37% while the average for the second was 82.73%. The quality of wiki pages had improved, but at the same time, the peer reviewers became more demanding. Students were given more inputs to improve their work via peer reviewing. Thus the improvement was seen in the final wiki page produced as against the grades received by students.The initial wiki pages provided randomly collected data and was cluttered by diagrams and graphs. This information reinstated facts given in the text book. The later wiki pages focussed on a comparative study of present day supercomputers produced by Intel, AMD and IBM. For example while writing the wiki for Cache coherence protocols the students compared which protocol was favoured by which company and why. They also discussed protocols which have been introduced in recent two years eg. MESIF protocol by Intel. Such in deapth analysis made the wiki more appealing to readers. Gehringer and Navalakha provided additional reviews which helped in constantly improving the quality of wiki pages.

References

[Barnett and Blumner 2008] Barnett, R.W. and Blumner, J. S. Writing Centers and Writing Across the Curriculum Programs: Building Interdisciplinary Partnerships, IAP, 2008

[Bednar et al. 1991] Bednar, A. E., Cunningham, D.D., Thomas, M., & Perry, D. [1991]. Theory into practice: How do we link? In G. Anglin [Ed.] Instructional technology: Past, present, and future. Denver, CO: Libraries Unlimited

[Carpenter et al. 2006] Carpenter, P., Bullock, A., & Potter, J. [2006] Textbooks in teaching and learning: The views of students and their teachers. Brookes eJournal of Learning and Teaching 2[1], 1-9.

[Cunningham et al. 2000] Cunningham, D.J., Duffy, T. M. & Knuft, R.A. [2000]. The textbook of the future [CRLT Technical Report No. 14-00]. Center for Research on Learning and Technology: Bloomington, IN.

[Gehringer et al. 2007] Gehringer, E.F., Ehresman, L.M., Conger, S.G., and Wagle, P.A. "Reusable learning objects through peer review: The Expertiza approach," Innovate-Journal of Online Education 3:6 (August/September 2007).

[Gehringer 2009] Gehringer, E.F. "Expertiza: information management for collaborative learning," in Monitoring and Assessment in Online Collaborative Environments: Emergent Computational Technologies for E-Learning Support, A. A. Juan Perez [ed.], IGI Global Press, 2009.

[Gehringer, Kadanjoth and Kidd 2010] Gehringer, E.F., Kadanjoth, R., and Kidd, J. "Software Support for Peer-Reviewing Wiki Textbooks and Other Large Projects," Proceedings of the Workshop on Computer-Supported Peer Review in Education, June 14, 2010.

[NRC 2005] National Research Council [NRC] of the National Academies [2005]. How students learn: History, Mathematics and Science in the classroom. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Retrieved May 16, 2009 from http://www.nap.edu/books/0309074339/html/

[Rainie 2007] Rainie, L. [2007]. Wikipedia: When in doubt, multitudes seek it out. [Pew Internet & American Life Project]. Pew Research Center: Washington, D.C. Accessed online on October 12, 2007 from http://pewresearch.org/pubs/460/wikipedia

[Reys et al. 2004] Reys B. J., Reys R. E. & Chavez, O. [2004]. Why mathematics textbooks matter. Educational Leadership 61[5], 61-66.

[Solihin 2009] Solihin, Y. Fundamentals of Paralell Computer Architecture: Multichip and Multicore Systems, Solihin Books, 2008, 2009.