CSC/ECE 517 Fall 2007/wiki3 2 bp
Programming by Contract
Purpose of this Wiki
This wiki page was created to address the following assignment:
In class, we had some difficulty coming up with good examples of programming by contract. Find some concise ones that illustrate the principle well, and are accessible to a general audience of programmers.
Overview
Programming by Contract originated with the Eiffel programming language. It is a technique for designing software systems in such a way that all the pieces meet certain obligations to each other. If all obligations are correctly met, then the system as a whole will work correctly.
The obligations are defined in terms of suppliers (components that offer a method that can be invoked) and clients (components that invoke those methods). Suppliers must provide the service they are contracted to provide (known as a postcondition), and clients must respect the restrictions of the supplier (known as a precondition).
Examples
Real World Examples
Examples in this section are based around real world metaphors and do not rely on programming specific concepts such as classes, methods, etc.
Example 1, taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_by_contract
Take the process of going on holiday, for example. Bertrand wants to spend two weeks in Florida. He books the
holiday through DBC Holidays Inc., who specialise in U.S. package holidays. When he makes the booking (collaboration
#1), Bertrand is the client and DBC Holidays are the supplier. DBC Holidays then arrange flights through Assertair
Corp. (collaboration #2), and book a room at the Precondition Plaza Hotel in Miami (collaboration #3). In
collaboration #2, DBC Holidays are the client and Assertair is the supplier, and in collaboration #3, the hotel is the
supplier. And the chain of collaborations goes deeper and deeper (e.g., who does Assertair pay to service their jets?)
If any link in this chain of collaborations breaks, then the result could be that Bertrand's holiday is ruined. It's
vital, therefore, that every player in the collaboration does what they're supposed to do. In any collaboration,
client and supplier have certain obligations. These obligations (or "responsibilities", if you like) fall into three
distinct types:
1. Things that the supplier promises to do as part of the service it offers to the client (e.g., Assertair promises
DBC Holidays that Bertrand will be in Miami at a certain date and time)
2. Things that the client promises to do before using the service (e.g., DBC Holidays must ensure that Bertrand has
his passport and tickets when he checks in for his flight)
3. Things that the supplier promises will always be true no matter what happens (e.g., The airline will always have
adequate insurance to cover any accident)
Things that the supplier promises to do as part of the service are described as a special kind of rule called a
postcondition. The postcondition tells the client what will be true if the service is executed correctly (e.g., "your
customer will be in Miami by 15:30 on June 8").
If Bertrand turns up at the check-in desk without his passport, of course, then the airline can't live up to its side of
the contract: he will not be allowed to board the plane without it. A rule that the client must satisfy before using a
service is called a precondition.
A rule that states what must always be true is called an invariant. If the airline doesn't have adequate insurance then
nobody is going anywhere!
Programming Based Examples
Examples in this section use terms which are more specific to programming, defining themselves in terms of classes, methods, and pseudocode. In keeping with the goal of having the examples be accessible to the general audience of programmers, examples using exotic/rare programming languages were excluded.
References
The overview and examples above were drawn from the following sources: