CSC/ECE 517 Fall 2013/ch1 1w05 st

Serialization

Serialization[1] is the process of converting an object or a group of objects into a stream of bytes or string to facilitate storage in memory or transmission over a network. The process of Serialization is also referred to as Marshalling. The stream of data has to be in a format that can be understood by both ends of a communication channel so that the object can be marshaled and reconstructed easily.

Basic Advantages of Serialization:

1.Facilitates the easy transportation of an object through a network.

2.Creates a clone of the object at the receiving end.

3.Ability to transmit data across the network in a cross-platform-compatible format.

4.Saving the data in a persistent or non-persistent storage medium in a non-proprietary format.

De-serialization is the process of converting the stream of bytes or string back to objects in memory. It is the process of reconstructing the object later.This process of de-serialization is also referred to as Unmarshalling.

Serialization in Ruby:

Let us consider a situation where two Ruby programs have to communicate with each other. One of the simplest way to do this is to convert the Ruby objects in the first programs into strings and writing these strings into a file. This is nothing but serialization. The second program can read this file and convert the strings back into Ruby objects. This is de-serialization.

Types of Serialization

Serialization in Ruby can be done in two ways. During serialization, the object in memory can be converted into Human Readable formats like YAML (YAML Ain’t Markup Language) and JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), or the object can be converted into binary format.

Converting Ruby Objects in Human Readable Formats

The conversion of Ruby objects into YAML and JSON formats are explained below.

Converting Ruby Objects to YAML format

YAML[2] format is a human friendly data serialization standard for all programming languages. YAML (YAML Ain't Markup Language) is perhaps the most common form of serialization in Ruby applications. It is used for configuration files in Rails and other projects, and is nearly ubiquitous. YAML is a plaintext format, as opposed to Marshal's[3] binary format. Immediately, this makes things easier. Objects stored as YAML are completely transparent and editable with nothing more than a text editor. It also has a simple, spartan syntax that's easy to look at and easy to type. It is not encumbered by excessive wordage and symbols seen in XML. Any Ruby object can easily be serialized into YAML format. Let us consider the below code,

require "yaml"

   class First
     def initialize(name, age, country)
	@name = name
	@age = age
	@country=country
     end

     def to_s
	"In First:\n#{@name}, #{@age}, #{@country}\n"
     end
   end

   class Second
     def initialize(address, details)
	@address = address
	@details = details
     end
 
     def to_s
	"In Second:\n#{@details.to_s}#{@address}\n"
     end
   end
 
  x = First.new("Tom", 25, "USA")
  y = Second.new("St. Marks Street", x)
  puts y

We get the string representation of the object tree(object hierarchy) as the Output (because we have used the function to_s[4]).

Output:

In Second: In First: Tom, 25, USA St. Marks Street

We use the below code to serialize out object tree.

serialized_object = YAML::dump(y) puts serialized_object

The dump function serializes the object tree and stores the data in the YAML format in the variable serialized_object.

Data in the serialized (YAML) format looks like this:

--- !ruby/object:Second
address: St. Marks Street
details: !ruby/object:First
name: Tom
age: 25
country: USA

Now, to de-serialize the data, we use load function.

puts YAML::load(serialized_object)

The data is converted back to Ruby object tree.

Output:

In Second: In First: Tom, 25, USA St. Marks Street

Thus we get back our original Object tree.

Converting Ruby Objects to JSON format:

JSON[5] is a light-weight data interchange format. Any Ruby object can easily be serialized into JSON format. The JSON library can be installed using Ruby Gems[6] like shown below:

# gem install json

We can create a JSON string for serialization by using the JSON.generate method as below:

require 'json'

       my_hash = {:Welcome => "Ruby"}
       puts JSON.generate(my_hash) => "{\"WELCOME\":\"RUBY\"}"

Output:

{"{\"Welcome\":\"Ruby\"}"=>"{\"WELCOME\":\"RUBY\"}"}

We can parse the JSON string received from another program by using JSON.parse Ruby thus converts String to Hash.

require 'json'

       my_hash = JSON.parse('{"Welcome": "Ruby"}')
       puts my_hash["Welcome"] => "Ruby"

Converting Ruby Objects to Binary Formats

Binary Serialization is another form of serialization in Ruby which is not in human readable form. It is similar to YAML Serialization. Binary Serialization is done using Marshal[7]. Binary Serialization is used when high performance serialization and de-serialization process is required and when the contents are not required to be in readable format.

Since the Binary Serialized data is not in human readable form, there are two essential guidelines that need to be followed. They are :

    1.Use print[8] instead of puts[9] when serialized objects are written to a file in order to avoid new line characters to be written 
      in the file.
    
    2.Use a record separator in order to differentiate between two objects.

Binary Serialization Example

   class Animal
    def initialize  name, age
      @name = name
      @age=age
      puts "#{self.class.name}"
    end
   end
   class Cat < Animal
    def to_s
     "In Cat C: #{@name} \t #{@age}"
    end
   end
   class Dog < Animal
    def to_s
     puts "In Dog D: #{@name} \t #{@age}"
    end
   end
  d = Dog.new("Doggy Dig", 4)
  c = Cat.new("Kitty Kat",5)
  puts "Before Serialization"
  puts c
  puts d
  serialize_cat= Marshal.dump(c)
  serialize_dog= Marshal.dump(d)
  deserialize_cat= Marshal::load(serialize_cat)
  deserialize_dog= Marshal::load(serialize_dog)
  puts "After Serialization #{deserialize_cat}"
  puts "After Dog Serialization #{deserialize_dog}"

Output

  Before Serialization
  In Cat C: Kitty Kat 	 5
  In Dog D: Doggy Dig 	 4
  After Serialization In Cat C: Kitty Kat 	 5
  After Dog Serialization In Dog D: Doggy Dig 	 4

Serialization in OOLS Languages: Comparison

Sl.No	Ruby	Java	.Net Framework
1	Ruby provides a module called ‘Marshal'[10] for serialization	Java uses an Interface named ‘Serializable’[11] interface for classes to implement	.Net provides a ‘Serializable’[12] Attribute
2	Ruby uses JSON to make it platform independent	An object can be serialized in one platform and de-serialized in another platform	.Net used Remoting technology to make it platform independent.
3	Ruby serializes an Object as a whole.	Provides an option for serializing only the required methods/attributes to be serialized for an object. Use the keyword ‘Transient’ to ignore certain methods that doesn’t need to be serialized	XML Serializer[13] will not serialize not convert methods, indexers, private fields, or read-only properties.