CSC 456 Spring 2012/ch1 BC
From 2006-2012 the increase in the number of transistors on a chip has grown from 167 million to 2.6 billion, a 15x increase.<ref name="trans count"/>
From 2006-2012 the clock frequency has increased from 2.4ghz to 5.2, a 2.2x increase.<ref name="proc chrono"/>
IBM now has the 16-core processor Power PC A2, Intel has the 10 core Xeon E7, AMD has the 16 Opteron Interlagos, and Sun has the 8-core Niagara.<ref name="xeon"/><ref name="powerpc"/><ref name="amd"/><ref name="sun"/>
| Evolution of Intel Processors<ref name="intel procs"/> | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| From | Procs | Specifications | New Features | |
| 1971 | 4004 | 740KHz, 2300 transistors, 10 micrometers, 640B addressable memory, 4KB program memory | ||
| 1978 | 8086 | 16-bit, 5-10MHz, 29000 transistors at 3 micrometers, 1MB addressable memory | ||
| 1982 | 80286 | 8-12.5MHz | Virtual memory and protection mode | |
| 1985 | 386 | 32-bit, 16-33MHz, 275K transistors, 4GB addressable memory | Pipelining | |
| 1989 | 486 | 25-100MHz, 1.5M transistors | FPU integration | |
| 1993 | Pentium | 60-200MHz | On-chip L1 caches and SMP suport | |
| 1995 | Pentium Pro | 16KB L1 caches, 5.5M transistors | OOO execution | |
| 1997 | Pentium MMX | 233-450MHz, 32KB L1 cache, 4.5M transistors | Dynamic branch prediction, MMX instruction sets | |
| 1999 | Pentium III | 450-1400MHz, 256KB L2 cache on chip, 28M transistors | SSE instruction sets | |
| 2000 | Pentium IV | 1.4-3GHz, 55M transistors | Hyperpipelining and SMT | |
| 2006 | Xeon | 64-bit, 2GHz, 167M transistors, 4MB L2 cache on chip | Dual-core and virtualization support | |
| 2008 | Intel Core i7 | 64-bit, 3.2GHz, 730M transistors, 4 core | ||
| 2010 | Intel Xeon "Nehalem-EX" | 64-bit, 2.66GHz, 2300M transistors, 8 core | ||
| 2011 | Intel Xeon E7 | 64-bit, 2.67GHz, 2600M transistors, 10 core | First Intel chip with 10 processors |
| Examples of Current Multicore Processors<ref name="z196"/><ref name="xeon"/> | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | # Cores | Clock Freq | Clock Type | Caches | Chip Power |
| IBM z196 | 4 cores | 5.3GHz | OOO Superscalar | 128KB L1, 1.5MB L2, 24MB L3, 192MB L4 | 1800W |
| Intel Xeon E | 10 cores | 2.67GHz | SIMD | 64KB L1, 256KB L2, 30MB L3 | 130W |
<references> <ref name="trans count"> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count> <ref name="proc chrono" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor_chronologyref> <ref name="intel procs">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors> <ref name="z196">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_z196_(microprocessor)> <ref name="xeon">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)#Westmere> <ref name="powerpc">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC_A2> <ref name="amd">http://www.tomshardware.com/news/interlagos-bulldozer-opteron-16-core-valencia,13984.html> <ref name="sun">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UltraSPARC_T1> </references>