CSC/ECE 517 Fall 2007/wiki1 8 s1

The extend method in Ruby is designed to mix in methods of a module to a class at the class level. The term ‘class level’ is synonymous with the concept of static in other popular object oriented languages such as Java or C# where static behaviors and attributes exist independently of any instance of the class.

Module

Before presenting an example of the extend method, it is necessary to briefly define modules and introduce a small example.

A module is a collection of functionality that cannot be used to create objects. Alone it does not define a type. It exists to group functionality that will be used by objects either at the implementation level or the class level, depending on the mechanism by which it was added.

Below is an example of a module in Ruby. Its purpose is to group benefit calculation functionality for procedures performed at a general treatment facility. It has been simplified for illustration purposes – in practice benefit calculation is immensely complicated.

# module for encapsulating benefit calculation functionality

module BenefitCalculation

def getPatientCharge

puts “getPatientCharge from BenefitCalculation”

end

def getCopay

puts “getCopay from BenefitCalculation”

end

end

Extend Example

The most effective way to illustrate the use of extending a module is through an example, so consider a full-service treatment center (like a hospital) that provides medical, dental, optical and homeopathic services. A software solution developed to support this type of organization may consist of four modules to encapsulate the functionality specific to their services, but surely there would be functionality that would be common to all services in a base class.

A possible design of the high-level software architecture follows:

# Service is the base class for our system.

class Service

def getAddress

puts “getAddress from Service”

end

end

class DentalService < Service

# added functionality for dental services

end

class MedicalService < Service

# added functionality for medical services

end

class OpticalService < Service

# added functionality for optical services

end

class HomeopathicService < Service

# added functionality for homeopathic services

end

Now consider that there are some services for which insurance is an option, and there are some services for which it is not. In our example, let’s consider dental and medical services to be appropriate for insurance support while optical and homeopathic services to not be appropriate for it. Where would be a good place to encode the insurance benefit calculation?

Option One

We could place it in the specific classes that accept insurance support (DentalService and MedicalService), but in doing so we would be duplicating code. Code duplication becomes a maintenance nightmare, and the difficulty grows rapidly with the number of times code is duplicated. For this reason, it would probably be a bad idea to place the needed code directly into the class definitions of DentalService and MedicalService.

Option Two

A another option would be to define the functionality in the base class Service. This would allow us to maintain one copy of the code so that when benefit calculation changes (as it does almost weekly), changes could be made in one place and thus maintenance time is minimized. The problem with this solution is that OpticalService and HomeopathicService also inherit the functionality. Because services of their type do not support insurance, the functionality is inappropriate for their type definitions.

Option Three - Extend

Ruby provides a solution to this problem. Using the extend method, we can place the needed benefit calculation functionality inside of a module and extend that module where it is appropriate. With this we solve problems one and two illustrated above: 1) there is a single copy of the functionality in our solution and 2) the functionality is only added to the types for which it is appropriate.

Modifying our hierarchy above to fit this solution, we end up with the following:

class DentalService < Service

# added functionality for dental services

extend BenefitCalculation

end

class MedicalService < Service

# added functionality for medical services

extend BenefitCalculation

end

Now that we have our design requirements fulfilled, we can execute the code in the IRB and see what we get. Assume the module and all class definitions have been loaded.

irb> medical = MedicalService.new

irb> optical = OpticalService.new

irb> optical.getAddress

# yields 'getAddress from Service'

irb> OpticalService.getPatientCharge

# yields NoMethodError (we didn’t extend)

irb> OpticalService.getCopay

# yields NoMethodError (we didn’t extend)

irb> DentalService.getPatientCharge

# yields 'getPatientCharge from BenefitCalculation'

irb> DentalService.getCopay

# yields 'getCopay from BenefitCalculation'

Caution

Again take note that the use of extend let us call module functionality at the class level. Were we to try to attempt to call extended functionality at the object level we would get a NoMethodError.

irb> medical.getCopay

# yields NoMethodError

If you need to add module functionality at the object level, use include instead of extend. Consider the following new definition of the MedicalService class:

class MedicalService < Service

# added functionality for medical services

include BenefitCalculation

end

Observe the behavior of the following calls executed in the IRB and the results. Compare the output listed here with the output above.

irb> medical.getPatientCharge

# yields 'getPatientCharge from BenefitCalculation'

irb> medical.getCopay

# yields 'getCopay from BenefitCalculation'

irb> MedicalService.getPatientCharge

# yields NoMethodError (we used include)

irb> MedicalService.getCopay

# yields NoMethodError (us used include)