What is Inheritance?

Inheritance, along with polymorphism and encapsulation, is one of the pillar features of Object Oriented Programming (OOP). Inheritance allows a class to reuse, extend or modify the behavior of another class. The term inheritance generally refers to single inheritance, where a sub-class or a derived class inherits methods and attributes from only one parent class.

For example, consider a general class of electrical appliances. Switching an appliance on and off can be considered a standard feature #of every appliance.

Example:

class ElectricAppliance
{
    public void on() { ... }
    public void off() { ... }
}

class TempControlAppliance : public ElectricAppliance
{
    public void increaseTemp() { .. }
    public void decreaseTemp() { .. }
}

class Heater : public TempControlAppliance 
{
    public void heat() { .. }
}

class Cooler : public TempControlAppliance 
{
    public void cool() { .. }
}

If we don't have inheritance, we might have to duplicate all the functions in both Heater and Cooler class. Inheritance is very important to achieve DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself). In the above class hierarchy, TempControlAppliance is super (parent) class for both Cooler and Heater subclass (child).

What is Multiple Inheritance

When a class inherits from more than one class i.e., a child class having more than one parent class, is called multiple inheritance. Though this feature offers more flexibility, it seem to overwhelm most of the developer, so some of the object oriented language designer decided not to support Multiple Inheritance. Java and C# are some of the most famous language which don't support multiple inheritance. We need careful design to take proper advantage of Multiple inheritance, otherwise you might end up in spaghetti code, with classes inheritancing from multiple classes.

Example: Building upon the above example, let us say we have a new device called Air Conditioner which can both heat and cool air. We might have a new class called AirConditioner as follows:

class AirConditioner : public Heater, public Cooler
{
     public void setThresholdTemperature(int temp) { ... }
}

Good and bad of Multiple Inheritance

Good:

Multiple Inheritance strongly supports DRY principle, which leads to better software which is extensible, cohesive, less coupled and modular.
Multiple Inheritance is very common in real world, in which object takes attributes from different objects.
Multiple Inheritance is more expressive than Single Inheritane, so it gives flexibility in designing software with complex object relationships.

Bad:

To take complete advantage of Multiple Inheritance needs a thoughtful design. Without a good design, Multiple Inheritance infact might lead to bad code.
Multiple Inheritance is overwhelming to developers. Requires more experience to properly use Multiple Inheritance.
Multiple Inheritance is hard to use and make the language complicated. Some example like what happens when you Inherit from multiple classes which has same method?

Problems with Multiple Inheritance

There are some common problems with Multiple Inheritance. One of the most common problem with Multiple Inheritance is called Diamond Problem Let us try to understand this problem through an example.

We are modelling a Car. We know that we have a Mechanical Car and a Electrical Car.

class Car
{
    public:
       void start() { cout << "Start with loud noise";
       void steer();
}

class MechCar : public Car
{
}

class ElectricCar : public Car
{
    public:
      void start() { cout << "start without noise";
}

After few year, we have Hybrid Cars in the market and we have to model a Hybrid Car now. This how we could do it in C++.

class HybridCar : public MechCar, ElectricCar
{
     // This has two copies of start()
}

From the above we can see that there is an ambiguity about which version of start function to use. C++ solves this problem through Virtual Inheritance. Below is how you fix the problem.

HybridCar h;
h.ElectricCar::start();

There are also ambiguities during the type casting. For more details about Virtual Inheritance refer here

Multiple Inheritance - Do we really need this?

Many languages which don't support multiple inheritance completely, has some ways of emulating multiple inheritance. We will consider Java as an example which does not support Multiple Inheritance completely and see how we can emulate multiple inheritance in Java. It is not completely true to say that Java does not support multiple inheritance, in fact with interfaces we can have multiple inheritance. Since, Interface just defines the behaviour, it does not have any attributes to describe it, Interfaces are not considered as a Class.

Let us consider the previous example of an AirConditioner:

class AirConditioner extends [______________]

We cannot fit both the classes there since a class in Java can extend from a single class. But Java classes can implement multiple interfaces.

public interface IHeater {
   void heat();
}

public interface ICooler {
   void cool();
}

public Heater extends TempControllerAppliance implements IHeater {
   public void heat() { .. }
}

public Cooler extends TempControllerAppliance implements ICooler{
   public void cool() { .. }
}

public class AirConditioner extends TempControllerAppliance implements IHeater, ICooler, IAirConditioner {
   private ICooler cooler = new Cooler();
   private IHeater heater = new Heater();

   public void cool() {
       cooler.cool();
   }
 
   public void heat() {
       heater.heat();
   }  
   
   public void setThreshold(int t) { ... }   
}

To implement multiple inheritance in Java, we need to the following: 1. Make every class implement an Interface 2. Classes extends these interfaces to add logic 3. When a class needs to extend from Multiple interfaces, you can implement those interfaces and delegate the call to the actual implementation. This is achieved through Composition.

We can see that it is possible to emulate multiple inheritance through composition.

Let us take another example and see how we can emulate Multiple inheritance in Java. We are developing a paint application. We have separate tools to draw each primitive shapes.

class Shape
{
   //...
}

class Square : Shape
{
  // ..
}

class Circle : Shape
{
   //..
}

class Triangle : Shape
{
   //..
}

class Painter
{
    //..
}

class SquarePainter : Painter
{
    void draw(Square s) { }
}

class CirclePainter : Painter
{
   void draw(Circle c) { }
}

class TrianglePainter : Painter
{
   void draw(Triangle t) { }
}

Now we need a canvas painter, which should have the capability to draw any of the above shape. In C++, this is pretty straight forward, you define a new class which extends all painters.

class CanvasPainter : SquarePainter, CirclePainter, TrianglePainter
{
    // ..
}

How can do the same in Java? Ofcourse, we will use composition, but how will you know which version of draw function to call? May be we can write some thing like this:

if (shape instanceof Triangle)
{
      trianglePainter.draw((Triangle) shape);
}
else if(shape instanceof Circle)
{
      circlePainter.draw((Circle) shape);
}

Unfortunately this is not a scalable solution and for every new tool we add to our paint program, we will have to change this code. This is where design patterns like Chain of Responsibility proves helpful.

Implementing the above code in Java using Chain of Responsibility design pattern.

interface IPainter
{
    boolean canDraw(Shape s);
    void draw(Shape s);
}

All painters will implement the above function:

class TrianglePainter implements IPainter
{
   public boolean canDraw(Shape s) { return s instanceof Triangle; }
   public void draw(Shape s) { // ... }  
}

class CanvasPainter implements IPainter
{
   // List<IPainter> = ....
   // function to add and remove painters
   public void draw(Shape s)
   {
      for(Paint p : painters)
      { 
           if(p.canDraw(s)) { p.draw(s); return; }
      }
   }
}

We can see that, chain of responsibility design pattern provides a very neat way to handle multiple inheritance in languages which don't support them completely.

Conclusion

Table here

	Single Inheritance	Multiple Inheritance
Flexibility	Single Inheritance does have some restriction in terms of modeling real world objects, but mitigate this problem with careful design	Multiple Inheritance provides lots more flexibility for designing
Easy of Use	Single Inheritance is much simpler to use	Multiple Inheritance sometimes leaves the programmer confused. One of the common problem with Multiple inheritance in Diamond Problem
Availability	Single Inheritance is supported by all the Object Oriented Programming Languages	Multiple Inheritance is not supported by few of the OOP Languages, because the designer of the language thought it is hard to use and not necessary for common scenarios.
Efficiency

CSC/ECE 517 Fall 2010/ch1 25 ag

Contents

What is Inheritance?

What is Multiple Inheritance

Good and bad of Multiple Inheritance

Problems with Multiple Inheritance

Multiple Inheritance - Do we really need this?

Conclusion

Further Reading

Reference

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CSC/ECE 517 Fall 2010/ch1 25 ag

What is Inheritance?

What is Multiple Inheritance

Good and bad of Multiple Inheritance

Problems with Multiple Inheritance

Multiple Inheritance - Do we really need this?

Conclusion

Further Reading

Reference

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