CSC/ECE 506 Spring 2010/ch1 lm
"Look through the www.top500.org site, and any other relevant material you can find, and write about supercomputer trends since the beginning of top500.org. Specifically, look at how the architectures, operating systems, and programming models have changed. What models were dominant, say, for each generation, or five-year interval? What technological trends caused the changes? Please write an integrated description. You can link to other Web sites, but your description should be self-contained."
Timeline of supercomputers
This is a list of the record-holders for fastest general-purpose supercomputer in the world, and the year each one set the record. For entries prior to 1993, this list refers to various sources CDC timeline at Computer History Museum. From 1993 to present, the list reflects the Top500 listing Directory page for Top500 lists. Result for each list since June 1993, and the "Peak speed" is given as the "Rmax" rating.
| Year | Supercomputer | Peak speed (Rmax) |
Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1938 | Z1 | 1 OPS | Konrad Zuse, Berlin, Germany |
| 1941 | Z3 | 20 OPS | Konrad Zuse, Berlin, Germany |
| 1943 | Colossus 1 | 5 kOPS | Post Office Research Station, Bletchley_Park|Bletchley Park, UK |
| 1944 | Colossus 2 (Single Processor) | 25 kOPS | Post Office Research Station, Bletchley_Park|Bletchley Park, UK |
| 1946 | Colossus 2 (Parallel Processor) | 50 kOPS | Post Office Research Station, Bletchley_Park|Bletchley Park, UK |
| 1946 |
UPenn ENIAC (before 1948+ modifications) |
5 kOPS | Department of War Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States|USA |
| 1954 | NORC | 67 kOPS | Department of Defense Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division|U.S. Naval Proving Ground, Dahlgren, Virginia|Dahlgren, Virginia, United States|USA |
| 1956 | MIT TX-0 | 83 kOPS | Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington, Massachusetts, United States|USA |
| 1958 | IBM AN/FSQ-7 | 400 kOPS | U.S. Air Force sites across the continental United States|continental USA and 1 site in Canada (52 computers) |
| 1960 | LARC | 250 kFLOPS | Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA |
| 1961 | IBM 7030 "Stretch" | 1.2 MFLOPS | AEC-Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, United States|USA |
| 1964 | CDC 6600 | 3 MFLOPS | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|AEC-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA |
| 1969 | CDC 7600 | 36 MFLOPS | |
| 1974 | CDC STAR-100 | 100 MFLOPS | |
| 1975 | Burroughs ILLIAC IV | 150 MFLOPS | USA |
| 1976 | Cray-1 | 250 MFLOPS | USA (80+ sold worldwide) |
| 1981 | CDC Cyber 205 | 400 MFLOPS | (~40 systems worldwide) |
| 1983 | Cray X-MP/4 | 941 MFLOPS | U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) Los Alamos National Laboratory; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Battelle Memorial Institute|Battelle; Boeing |
| 1984 | M-13 | 2.4 GFLOPS | USSR |
| 1985 | Cray-2/8 | 3.9 GFLOPS | DoE-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA |
| 1989 | ETA10-G/8 | 10.3 GFLOPS | USA |
| 1990 | NEC SX-3/44R | 23.2 GFLOPS | NEC Fuchu Plant, Fuchū,_Tokyo, Japan |
| 1993 | CM-5/1024 | 59.7 GFLOPS | DoE-Los Alamos National Laboratory; National Security Agency |
| Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel | 124.50 GFLOPS | National Aerospace Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan | |
| Paragon XP/S 140 | 143.40 GFLOPS | DoE-Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, United States|USA | |
| 1994 | Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel | 170.40 GFLOPS | National Aerospace Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan |
| 1996 | Hitachi SR2201/1024 | 220.4 GFLOPS | University of Tokyo, Japan |
| Hitachi/Tsukuba CP-PACS/2048 | 368.2 GFLOPS | Center for Computational Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan | |
| 1997 | Intel ASCI Red/9152 | 1.338 TFLOPS | Sandia National Laboratories|DoE-Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, United States|USA |
| 1999 | Intel ASCI Red/9632 | 2.3796 TFLOPS | |
| 2000 | IBM ASCI White | 7.226 TFLOPS | DoE-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA |
| 2002 | NEC Earth Simulator | 35.86 TFLOPS | Earth Simulator Center, Yokohama, Japan |
| 2004 | IBM Blue Gene|Blue Gene/L | 70.72 TFLOPS | DoE/IBM|IBM Rochester, Minnesota, United States|USA |
| 2005 | 136.8 TFLOPS | United States Department of Energy|DoE/United States National Nuclear Security Administration|U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA | |
| 280.6 TFLOPS | |||
| 2007 | 478.2 TFLOPS | ||
| 2008 | IBM IBM Roadrunner|Roadrunner | 1.026 PFLOPS | Los Alamos National Laboratory|DoE-Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, United States|USA |
| 1.105 PFLOPS | |||
| 2009 | Jaguar | 1.759 PFLOPS | DoE-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States|USA |