CSC/ECE 517 Spring 2014/ch1 1w1h jg

Ruby libraries to load objects of other languages at run time

This is an advanced topic. Libraries are being developed where Ruby gems can load libraries (and even native code) of other languages.A few open-source projects like FFI are currently working on this.

Introduction

Runtime Library

In computer programming, a runtime library is the API used by a compiler to invoke some of the behaviors of a runtime system. The runtime system implements the execution model and other fundamental behaviors of a programming language. The compiler inserts calls to the runtime library into the executable binary. During execution (run time) of that computer program, execution of those calls to the runtime library cause communication between the application and the runtime system. This often includes functions for input and output, or for memory management. The runtime library may implement a portion of the runtime system's behavior, but if one reads the code of the calls available, they typically are thin wrappers that simply package information and send it to the runtime system. However, sometimes the term runtime library is meant to include the code of the runtime system itself, even though much of that code cannot be directly reached via a library call.

For example, some language features that can be performed only (or are more efficient or accurate) at runtime are implemented in the runtime system and may be invoked via the runtime library API, e.g. some logic errors, array bounds checking, dynamic type checking, exception handling and possibly debugging functionality. For this reason, some programming bugs are not discovered until the program is tested in a "live" environment with real data, despite sophisticated compile-time checking and pre-release testing. In this case, the end user may encounter a runtime error message.

The concept of a runtime library should not be confused with an ordinary program library like that created by an application programmer or delivered by a third party, nor with a dynamic library, meaning a program library linked at run time.

libffi

FFI stands for Foreign Function Interface. A foreign function interface is the popular name for the interface that allows code written in one language to call code written in another language. The libffi library really only provides the lowest, machine dependent layer of a fully featured foreign function interface. A layer must exist above libffi that handles type conversions for values passed between the two languages.<ref>http://sourceware.org/libffi/</ref> libffi is a foreign function interface library. It provides a C programming language interface for calling natively compiled functions given information about the target function at run time instead of compile time. It also implements the opposite functionality: libffi can produce a pointer to a function that can accept and decode any combination of arguments defined at run time. libffi is most often used as a bridging technology between compiled and interpreted language implementations. libffi may also be used to implement plug-ins, where the plug-in's function signatures are not known at the time of creating the host application. Notable users include Python, Haskell, Dalvik, F-Script, PyPy, PyObjC, RubyCocoa, JRuby, Rubinius, MacRuby, gcj, GNU Smalltalk, IcedTea, Cycript, Pawn, Squeak, Java Native Access, Racket,<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libffi#cite_note-2</ref> Embeddable Common Lisp and Mozilla.<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libffi#cite_note-3</ref> On Mac OS X libffi is commonly used with BridgeSupport, which provides programming language neutral descriptions of framework interfaces, and Nu which binds direct Objective-C access from Lisp. libffi has been widely ported and is released under a MIT license.

Ruby-FFI

Ruby-FFI<ref>https://github.com/ffi/ffi/wiki</ref> is a Foreign Function Interface extension for Ruby. It is an FFI extension doesn't need compilation and can be used on multi-platform and multi-implementation. Ruby-FFI extension is easy to read,write and maintain. In addition, it is impervious to changes in the internal Ruby API.

How does it work?<ref>http://www.rubyinside.com/ruby-ffi-library-calling-external-libraries-now-easier-1293.html</ref>

The many compiled bridges between external libraries and Ruby pose a problem for alternate implementations like JRuby, because of the complexity involved in exposing internals of the implementation or expensive serialization in both directions. Instead, an interface is necessary so that instead of developing libraries that act only as unique bridges to others, we can just have one library that provides the interface to any arbitrary library of our choice.

Ruby already has a library called "dl" that makes it possible to dynamically link external libraries with Ruby. It's a bit arcane though, and Charles points out that it's not widely used "because of real or perceived bugs." Given this, and given the need for an implementation that can be compatible with JRuby, Wayne Meissner has developed "FFI", a new Ruby library that provides "Foreign Function Interface" features to Ruby.

Progress of FFI<ref>http://blog.headius.com/2008/10/ffi-for-ruby-now-available.html</ref>

One of the largest problems plaguing Ruby implementations is the ever-painful story of "extensions". In general, these take the form of a dynamic library, usually written in C, that plugs into and calls Ruby's native API as exposed through ruby.h and libruby. Ignoring for the moment the fact that this API exposes way more of Ruby's internals than it should, extensions present a very difficult problem for other implementations:

Do we support them or not?

In many cases, this question is answered for us; most extensions require access to object internals we can't expose, or can't expose without extremely expensive copying back and forth. But there's also a silver lining: the vast majority of C-based extensions exist solely to wrap another library.

Isn't it obvious what's needed here?

This problem has been tackled by a number of libraries on a number of platforms. On the JVM, there's Java Native Access (JNA). On Python, there's ctypes. And even on Ruby, there's the "dl" stdlib, wrapping libdl for programmatic access to dynamic libraries. But dl is not widely used, because of real or perceived bugs and a rather arcane API. Something better is needed.

Wayne is one of the primary maintainers of JNA, and has recently spent time on a new higher-performance version of it called JFFI. Wayne also became a JRuby committer this spring, and perhaps his most impressive contribution to date is a full FFI library for JRuby, based on JNA (eventually JFFI, once we migrate fully) and implementing the full set of what we and Evan agreed would be "FFI API 1.0". We shipped the completed FFI support in JRuby 1.1.4.

The "Passwd" and "Group" structures for functions like 'getpwuid':

module Etc
  class Passwd < FFI::Struct
    layout :pw_name, :string, 0,
           :pw_passwd, :string, 4,
           :pw_uid, :uint, 8,
           :pw_gid, :uint, 12,
           :pw_dir, :string, 20,
           :pw_shell, :string, 24
  end
  class Group < FFI::Struct
    layout :gr_name, :string, 0,
           :gr_gid, :uint, 8
  end
end

In JRuby 1.1.5, we've taken another step forward with the API, adding support for callbacks. How would we represent a callback you pass into a C function from Ruby?

Binding and calling "qsort" with an array of integers:

require 'ffi'

module LibC
  extend FFI::Library
  callback :qsort_cmp, [ :pointer, :pointer ], :int
  attach_function :qsort, [ :pointer, :int, :int, :qsort_cmp ], :int
end

p = MemoryPointer.new(:int, 2)
p.put_array_of_int32(0, [ 2, 1 ])
puts "Before qsort #{p.get_array_of_int32(0, 2).join(', ')}"
LibC.qsort(p, 2, 4) do |p1, p2|
  i1 = p1.get_int32(0)
  i2 = p2.get_int32(0)
  i1 < i2 ? -1 : i1 > i2 ? 1 : 0
end
puts "After qsort #{p.get_array_of_int32(0, 2).join(', ')}"

What good is having such a library if it doesn't run everywhere? Up until recently, only Rubinius and JRuby supported FFI, which made our case for cross-implementation use pretty weak. Even though we were getting good use out of FFI, there was no motivation for anyone to use it in general, since the standard Ruby implementation had no support.

That is, until Wayne pulled another rabbit out of his hat and implemented FFI for C Ruby as well. The JRuby team is proud to announce a wholly non-JRuby library: FFI is now available on Ruby 1.9 and Ruby 1.8.6/7, in addition to JRuby 1.1.4+ and Rubinius (though Rubinius does not yet support callbacks).

Session showing installation and use of FFI in C Ruby:

$ sudo gem install ffi
Password:
Building native extensions.  This could take a while...
Successfully installed ffi-0.1.1
1 gem installed
Installing ri documentation for ffi-0.1.1...
Installing RDoc documentation for ffi-0.1.1...
[headius @ cnutter:~]
$ irb
>> require 'ffi'
=> true
>> module RubyFFI
>> extend FFI::Library
>> attach_function :getuid, [], :uint
>> end
=> #<FFI::Invoker:0x1fe8c>
>> puts RubyFFI.getuid
501
=> nil
>> 

Our hope with JRuby's support of FFI and our release of FFI for C Ruby is that we may finally escape the hell of C extensions.

A key feature that's not well documented is the use of FFI's templating system to generate bindings based on the current platform's header files. Here's a sample from the "Etc" module above.

Etc module template, showing how to pull in header files and inspect a struct definition:

module Etc
  class Passwd < FFI::Struct
    @@@
    struct do |s|
      s.include "sys/types.h"
      s.include "pwd.h"

      s.name "struct passwd"
      s.field :pw_name, :string
      s.field :pw_passwd, :string
      s.field :pw_uid, :uint
      s.field :pw_gid, :uint
      s.field :pw_dir, :string
      s.field :pw_shell, :string
    end
    @@@
  end
  class Group < FFI::Struct
    @@@
    struct do |s|
      s.include "sys/types.h"
      s.include "grp.h"

      s.name "struct group"
      s.field :gr_name, :string
      s.field :gr_gid, :uint
    end
    @@@
  end
end

Basic Usage of Ruby-FFI<ref>https://github.com/ffi/ffi/wiki/Basic-Usage</ref>

Before showing the example, we would introduce several FFI's core components<ref>https://github.com/ffi/ffi/wiki/Core-Concepts#wiki-figure-1---overall-ffi-architecture</ref>. Understanding the following core modules and classes is a great way to start getting FFI's capabilities:

1. FFI::Library - along with require 'ffi', this module provides FFI library interfacing capabilities into your Ruby code. Typically you need to extend your custom module with FFI::Library, specify the native libraries and their calling conventions, prototype the native library's functions and structs in Ruby, and then start using the native library's API from Ruby.
2. FFI::Pointer - wraps native memory allocated by a third party library. It provides a number of methods for transferring data from unmanaged native memory to Ruby-managed native memory (FFI::MemoryPointer). The native memory wrapped by this class is not freed during garbage collection runs.
3. FFI::MemoryPointer - allows for Ruby code to allocate native memory and pass it to non-Ruby libraries. Lifecycle management (allocation and deallocation) are handled by this class, so when it gets garbage collected the native memory is also freed.
4. FFI::Struct and FFI::Union

Here is a "Hello, World" example how to use Ruby-FFI.

require 'ffi'

module Hello
  extend FFI::Library
  ffi_lib FFI::Library::LIBC
  attach_function :puts, [ :string ], :int
end

Hello.puts("Hello, World")

The interesting part above is the attach_function call. It requests that a C function named puts which takes a :string argument and returns an :int, be attached to the Hello module.

The attach_function method locates the C function in a specific external library (i.e. libc in the example). The name of the function, the parameter types and the return type are needed. In the above example, attach_function locates a function named puts, which papameter type and return type are :string and :int respectively.

The typical parameter and return types<ref>https://github.com/ffi/ffi/wiki/Types</ref> are listed here:

char and :uchar - 8 bit signed and unsigned values

short and :ushort - 16 bit signed and unsigned values

int and :uint - 32 bit signed and unsigned values

long_long and :ulong_long - 64 bit signed and unsigned values

long and :ulong - native cpu word (32 bit or 64bit) signed and unsigned values. Equivalent to C 'long' type.

float and :double

string - C string, NULL terminated.

pointer - a C pointer

You can also pass the struct as parameter. For example:

typedef struct _WHAT {
  int d;
} WHAT;

int doit(WHAT w) {
  printf("%d\n", w.d);
  return w.d;
}

class WHAT < FFI::Struct
  layout :d, :int
end
attach_function 'doit', [ WHAT.by_value ], :int

In the above 2 pieces of code, attach_function uses struct WHAT as a parameter type.

Docs on FFI

Calling C from JRuby
Foreign Function Interface
the Rubinius FFI

Who uses it?

The libffi library is useful to anyone trying to build a bridge between interpreted and natively compiled code. Some notable users include:

• CPython - the default, most-widely used implementation of the Python programming language uses libffi in the standard ctypes library.
• OpenJDK - the open-source implementation of the Java Platform Standard Edition uses libffi to bridge between the interpreter and native code for some platforms.
• js-ctypes - a foreign function interface for javascript that Mozilla will be shipping in Firefox 3.6.
• Dalvik - Dalvik is the virtual machine which runs the Java platform on Android mobile devices. libffi is used on Android ports for which no custom bridging code has been written.
• Java Native Access (JNA) - the JNI-free way to call native code from Java.
• Ruby-FFI - a Foreign Function Interface extension for Ruby.
• fsbv - Foreign Structure By Value is a foreign function interface library for Common Lisp that extends the standard CFFI package to include support for passing structure arguments by value.
• JSCocoa - call Objective-C code from javascript on Mac OSX and the iPhone (via the libffi-iphone port).
• PyObjC - call Objective-C code from Python on Mac OSX.
• RubyCocoa - call Objective-C code from Ruby on Mac OSX.
• PLT Scheme - call C code from this popular Scheme implementation (also used as the implementation platform for Paul Graham's new Lisp, Arc).
• gcj - the runtime library for the GNU Compiler for the Java Programming Language uses libffi to handle calls back and forth between interpreted and natively compiled code. gcj is part of the GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection.

Supported Platforms

Libffi has been ported to many different platforms. For specific configuration details and testing status, please refer to the wiki page here

Authors and Credits

libffi was originally written by Anthony Green<ref>http://moxielogic.org/blog</ref> The developers of the GNU Compiler Collection project have made innumerable valuable contributions. See this ChangeLog files in the source distribution for details.

Some of the ideas behind libffi were inspired by Gianni Mariani's free gencall library for Silicon Graphics machines.

The closure mechanism was designed and implemented by Kresten Krab Thorup.

Major processor architecture ports were contributed by the following developers:

　　aarch64 Marcus Shawcroft, James Greenhalgh

　　alpha Richard Henderson

　　arm Raffaele Sena

　　blackfin Alexandre Keunecke I. de Mendonca

　　cris Simon Posnjak, Hans-Peter Nilsson

　　frv Anthony Green

　　ia64 Hans Boehm 　

　　m32r Kazuhiro Inaoka

　　m68k Andreas Schwab

　　microblaze Nathan Rossi

　　mips Anthony Green, Casey Marshall

　　mips64 David Daney

　　moxie Anthony Green

　　pa Randolph Chung, Dave Anglin, Andreas Tobler

　　powerpc Geoffrey Keating, Andreas Tobler, David Edelsohn, John Hornkvist

　　powerpc64 Jakub Jelinek

　　s390 Gerhard Tonn, Ulrich Weigand

　　sh Kaz Kojima

　　sh64 Kaz Kojima

　　sparc Anthony Green, Gordon Irlam

　　tile-gx/tilepro Walter Lee

　　x86 Anthony Green, Jon Beniston

　　x86-64 Bo Thorsen

　　xtensa Chris Zankel

Adoption

Fiddle
A libffi wrapper in the Ruby Standard Library
Ruby-FFI
A Foreign Function Interface extension for Ruby.
RubyCocoa
Call Objective-C code from Ruby on Mac OSX.

See Also

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libffi

References

<references/>

• http://github.com/atgreen/libffi/blob/master/LICENSE
• http://repository.readscheme.org/ftp/papers/sw2004/barzilay.pdf
• http://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/file/2dc00d4b379a/js/ctypes/libffi
• https://developer.mozilla.org/en/js-ctypes
• https://developer.mozilla.org/en/js-ctypes/js-ctypes_reference
• http://blog.headius.com/2008/10/ffi-for-ruby-now-available.html
• http://www.rubyinside.com/ruby-ffi-library-calling-external-libraries-now-easier-1293.html
• http://sourceware.org/libffi/