CSC/ECE 517 Fall 2012/ch1 1w5 su

Reflective Language Features vs Reflective Packages

Reflection is the ability of a computer program to examine and modify the structure and behavior (specifically the values, meta-data, properties and functions) of an object at runtime.<ref>Reflection on Wikipedia</ref>

The concept of reflection is best understood by reaching back to the study of self-awareness in artificial intelligence: "Here I am walking down the street in the rain. Since I'm starting to get drenched, I should open my umbrella." This thought fragment reveals a self-awareness of behavior and state, one that leads to a change in that selfsame behavior and state. It would be desirable for computations to avail themselves of these reflective capabilities, examining themselves in order to make use of meta-level information in decisions about what to do next. <ref>An Introduction to Reflection-Oriented Programming - J.M. Sobel , Daniel P. Friedman - 1996</ref>

A reflective language is a programming language that has been architected to allow reflection. This means the language was constructed to "'reason' effectively and consequentially about its own inference process."[2] Reflection provides languages with versatility [5] and flexibility [3]. Languages that are not reflective can incorporate some of the features of reflection by using reflective packages. For example, Java includes a reflective package called "java.lang.reflect."

Brief History of Reflection

Year	Development <ref>Java Reflection - Ken Cooney</ref>
Jun 1976	Origin of Reflective Programming: The idea of reflection came to Brian Smith at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Smith was working on the KRL <ref>Knowledge Representation Language(KRL)</ref> representation language and as an exercise to learn the language, he worked on a project to represent KRL in KRL. He reasoned that this would be a good way to learn the language since he had to both use and mention the language. He worked on it long enough to become intrigued with the thought of building a system that was self-descriptive. In the five years since, Smith worked on initial versions of such a language, which he called MANTIQ.
1982	Brian Cantwell Smith writes a doctoral dissertation at MIT introducing the notion of computational reflection. 3-LISP is the first official programming language to use reflection. <ref> Brian Cantwell Smith, "Procedural Reflection in Programming Languages", Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Feb 1982 </ref>
1983	Smalltalk v1.0 has 75% of the standard Reflection command language. <ref>[ http://tinyurl.com/smalltalk-infoworld ]</ref>
1984	The Interim 3-LISP Reference Manual is published, co authored by Brian Cantwell Smith.
1987	Smalltalk v2.0 adds the rest of the Reflection.
1987-89	Perl
Oct 1996	Visual J++ and C# has reflections. Python v1.4
Feb 1997	Java Reflections (JDK v1.1)
Feb 1998	Python v1.5 makes it easier for reflective programming.
Jul 2004	PHP v5.0

Reflective Language Features vs Reflective Packages

The features of a reflective language can be broadly categorized as either introspection or intercession. "Introspection is the ability for a program to observe and therefore reason about its own state. Intercession is the ability for a program to modify its own execution state or alter its own interpretation or meaning."[4]

Introspection is what allows the program to "know" information about itself. This can include an object knowing what kind of object it is, and what methods it has. Intercession is what allows a program to change behavior based on that information. This can include calling methods dynamically, which means that the actual method that is called on an object is decided when the program is running, and not when the program is compiled. Another introspective feature granted by reflection is the ability for, when methods are added to an object when the program is running, these methods can be called.

While the behavior between a program written in a reflective language and a program written with a reflective package will be similar, how the features are implemented will differ. In a reflective language, you can access the information about an object or class from the object or class. In a language with a reflective package, functionality is provided through intermediary objects. For the following examples, Ruby will be used to illustrate how the features of reflection are implemented in a reflective language and Java will be used to illustrate how the features of reflection are implemented in a language with a reflective package.

Introspective features

One of the most powerful features that reflection provides is the ability, given an object, to know what kind of object it is, and what methods it contains. In a reflective language, like Ruby, that is done by directly querying the object. For example, with the given class:

class Sample
  #empty class
end
samp = Sample.new

The call:

puts samp.class

will list "Sample" as the class and the call:

puts samp.methods

will list the methods that Sample has (which will include all the methods in Sample's superclass – Object). In a language with a reflective package, like Java, the package is not automatically included in the functionality. It must be imported with:

import java.lang.reflect.*;

Also, for any given object A, a separate class object B, is created and B contains the information about A. For example, with the given class:

public class Sample {
//Empty class
}

The class information can be found by invoking:

Sample samp = new Sample(); //Create an instance of Sample
Class sampClass = samp.getClass(); //Create a class object for instance of Sample
System.out.println(sampClass.getName()); //Display class name

and the method list can be found with:

Method[] meth = sampClass.getMethods(); //Return array of method objects for Class object of Sample instance
for (int i = 0; i < meth.length; i++){
   System.out.println(meth[i]); //Display methods
}

As shown in the above examples, both Ruby and Java have the same reflective feature - the ability for an object or class to "know" about itself. However, in Java, a Class object is created to access class information, and method information for the object is stored in method objects that can be accessed via the Class object. In Ruby, that information is accessed directly from the object or class in question.

Intercessive features

Another important feature granted by reflection, is the ability for dynamic implementation of code. This can take many forms, including object creation and method calling at runtime. Again, in an inherently reflective language, these calls are made directly on the object. However, when a language has a reflective package to handle reflective features, the calls are directed through a separate object. For example, in Ruby, this class:

class Sample
  def printOne
    puts 1
  end
  def printTwo
    puts 2
  end
  def printThree
    puts 3
  end
end

defines three methods that print different numbers depending on which method is called. Without reflection, calls to these methods could not be changed at runtime. However, reflection allows the method calls to depend on string values that do not have to be initialized until runtime as seen in the following code:

samp = Sample.new #Create an instance of the Sample class
option="printOne"
samp.send(option) #printOne method is called
option="printThree"
samp.send(option) #printThree method is called

What is printed from this code depends on the value of "option", which might not have a value until runtime. In this code, the call:

samp.send(option)

is the same, but the "option" value has changed and that is what determines the method that is called. This same feature exists in languages with reflective packages, but again it is accessed indirectly. For example, in Java, a similar class:

public class Sample {
	
	public void printOne(){
		System.out.println("1");
	}
	
	public void printTwo(){
		System.out.println("2");
	}
	
	public void printThree(){
		System.out.println("3");
	}
}

handles reflection by accessing the method through a Class object and Method object:

Sample samp = new Sample();
Class sampClass = samp.getClass();
String option = "printOne";
Method meth = sampClass.getMethod(option);
meth.invoke(sampClass, null);
option = "printThree";
meth = sampClass.getMethod(option);
meth.invoke(sampClass, null);

The result of this code is the same as the Ruby code, but to achieve it a Class object was created to retrieve information about the original object, and a Method object was created to retrieve method information from the Class object.

Some of the more dynamic intercessive features that reflection gives a programming language are possible because of the dynamic nature of the language. For example, in Ruby, a method can be added to an object that has already been instanced. Given a class "Sample", this code:

samp = Sample.new
def samp.anothermethod
  puts "This is a new method"
end

will create a method on the instance of Sample. Reflection is what allows that method to be accessed so that the call:

samp.anothermethod

will display "This is a new method". If another Sample object is created, this new object will not have access to the anothermethod method because that method was only added to a specific instance of the Sample class. In Java, methods cannot be created on existing objects (because it is a statically typed language), so this kind of reflection is not possible.

Conclusion

Reflection allows the creation of more versatile and flexible programs through both introspective and intercessive features. These features include the ability for a program to know about itself, and to act on that information. As shown through the use of Ruby as a representative of a reflective language and Java as a representative of a language with a reflective package, these features are implemented differently.

References

[1] Sobel, J.M. and Daniel P. Friedman 1996 Reflection-Oriented Programming Indiana University, Bloomington, IN

[2] Smith, Brian Caldwell 1982 Procedural Reflection in Programming Languages MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

[3] Ducasse, Stéphane and Rmod Inria Lille Nord and Marcus Denker and Adrian Lienhard 2009 Evolving a Reflective Language Lessons Learned from Implementing Traits European Smalltalk User Group

[4] D. Bobrow, R. Gabriel, and J. White. CLOS in context—the shape of the design space. In A. Paepcke, editor, Object-Oriented Programming: the CLOS perspective, pages 29–61. MIT Press, 1993.

[5] Anh Nguyen-tuong and Steve J. Chapin and Andrew S. Grimshaw and Charlie Viles. 1998 Using Reflection for Flexibility and Extensibility in a Metacomputing Environment ORNL Central Research Library, Northrop Grumman Information Technologies Alexandria, VA

Additional Information

McHale, Ciaran 2008 Java Reflection Explained Simply

Using Java Reflection

Thomas, Dave with Chad Fowler and Andy Hunt. Programming Ruby. North Carolina: The Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2005.

References

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