Ch7 21 bi

Introduction

Agile methodologies are software development techniques based on software and management principles that have been distilled over the past few decades. The primary differentiating factor between Agile methodology and traditional software development methods is the fluidity that the Agile methodologies inject in all stages of software development.

Agile software development is an umbrella term that encompasses various development techniques and philosophies, however, there are certain core characteristics that all of these share. The key features of Agile development are that it is based on iterative and incremental development encouraging an evolution of the requirements and solutions. Agile software development teams also tend to be more fluid, self-organizing and are often cross-functional. Agile software development at the core of it, strives to break the rigid boundaries that traditional software development techniques introduce.

History and the Agile manifesto

Historically, software development has followed the waterfall model [reference] with clear delineation of the various phases such as gathering requirements, design, implementation, verification and maintenance, with very little cross communication between these phases. This rigidity built into this model doesn't always reflect the real world requirements of software development, for e.g., the requirements could change after the design has been completed and a failure to accomodate the new set of requirements is often considered a failure of the project. This has resulted in a significant percentage of software development projects being delayed and in some cases being completely stopped.

As a reaction to the failure of the traditional software development models, quite a few new techniques started to develop in the late 1990's. They all emphasized close collaboration between the programmer team and business experts and a built in ability to be able to deal with and manage change. The core ideas behind these loosely defined methods, referred to as light-weight software development or Agile methods, were finally crystallized into a set of principles, i.e., the Agile manifesto.

The Agile Manifesto reads, in its entirety, as follows:<ref name="Agile Manifesto"/>

We are uncovering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. Through this work we have come to value:

Individuals and interactions over processes and tools

Working software over comprehensive documentation

Customer collaboration over contract negotiation

Responding to change over following a plan

That is, while there is value in the items on the right, we value the items on the left more.

Characteristics and Principles

While there are many specific agile development methods a common thread runs through all of them. The primary focus is on process adaptability throughout the software development life-cycle. This is achieved by constraining the development to short, time-contained increments. During each of these incremental development periods, there is a focus on a teamwork and collaboration with routine and formal daily face-to-face communication among team members.

Another key aspect of any agile methodology is the team composition, which is often cross-functional and self-organizing with traditional corporate hierarchy not allowed to get in the way of team formation. A cross-functional team is more reflective of the real-world in that all the stake holders in the project are allowed to influence the development process in a continuous manner throughout the life cycle of the project. This allows for adjustment in the goals of the project on a more `real-time' basis. Most agile teams include atleast one customer representative

Agile development emphasizes working software as the primary measure of progress. This, combined with the preference for face-to-face communication, produces less written documentation than other methods.

Some of the key guiding principles of Agile development are:

1. Active involvement of the end-user :

This results in the requirements being clearly communicated and understood (at a high level) at the outset. Requirements are prioritized appropriately based on the needs of the user and market and can be clarified on a daily basis with the entire project team, rather than resorting to lengthy documents that aren’t read or are misunderstood. Emerging requirements can be factored into the development schedule as appropriate with the impact and trade-off decisions clearly understood. As the product goes through increments, it is easy to track if it continues to meet the user requirements and timely decisions can be made, about features, priorities, issues, and when the product is ready.

2. The team must be empowered to make decisions
3. Requirements evolve but the timescale is fixed
4. Capture requirements at a high level; lightweight & visual
5. Develop small, incremental releases and iterate
6. Focus on frequent delivery of products
7. Complete each feature before moving on to the next
8. Testing is integrated throughout the project lifecycle – test early and often
9. A collaborative & cooperative approach between all stakeholders is essential

Specific tools and techniques, such as continuous integration, automated or xUnit test, pair programming, test-driven development, design patterns, domain-driven design, code refactoring and other techniques are often used to improve quality and enhance project agility.

References

http://www.extremeprogramming.org/ http://agilemanifesto.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agile_software_development http://www.extremeprogramming.org/ http://www.industrialxp.org/ http://agilescout.com/best-agile-scrum-tools/ http://www.21scrum.com/ http://agilebuddy.com/ http://www.dsdm.org/