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Observer Pattern

An observer pattern defines a one to many dependency between objects so that when one object changes state all its dependents are notified and updated accordingly.

In its simplified form, the observer design pattern consists of a subject,and one or more observers,which observe an event in the subject.An event can be a change in the state of the subject and can be defined accordingly.

The subject class maintains a list of observers and contains methods to add and delete observers from the list .It also contains a notify method which is used to notify the observers whenever an event occurs in.The observer class on the other hand contains methods to handle such notifications.

Closures can be used to implement Observer pattern.The role of closures can be the basis of the following two applications of Observer design patterns.

1.A change in one object requires changing other objects.Also the number of objects to be changed is unknown.

2.The object being changed should be able to notify other objects about the change without having any idea about the current state of the objects.

As an example consider an application in which we intend to calculate the area and circumference of a circle for varying values of its radius.So we will have a subject class that contains the following methods.

1.Attach()

 This method is used to update the list of observers

2.Update()

 This method updates the radius and calls the notify method.

3.Notify()

 This method notifies all the observers in the list about the event which is the change in the value of the radius. 

class Subject def initialize @list=[] end def attach(&list) @list << list end def notify @list.each{|x| x.call(@radius)} end def update(r) @radius=r notify end end

class Observer1 def calc_area(radius) @area=radius*radius*3.14 puts "Area #{@area}" end end

class Observer2 def calc_circumference(radius) @circum=2*3.14*radius puts "Circumference #{@circum}" end end

o1=Observer1.new o2=Observer2.new s=Subject.new s.attach { |s| o1.calc_area(s)} s.attach { |s| o2.calc_circumference(s)} s.update(5)

The output is >> Area 78.5

  Circumference 31.4

ITERATOR PATTERN

The iterator pattern provides a way to access the elements of an aggregate object sequentially without exposing its underlying representation.

def find_birthdays_in_range(min,max)

 birthdays = [ "1970-06-15", "1975-08-13", "1939-03-21", "2001-12-01" ]
 birthdays.find_all { |birthday| birthday > min && birthday < max }

end

Here there are 3 functions here that are called from within each other.

A : find_birthdays_in_range B : find_all C : anonymous block

The third one is the closure ,it accepts one parameter called birthday which is defined in the first function.