CSC/ECE 506 Spring 2010/ch1 lm: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable" border = "1"
{| class="wikitable" border = "1"
! Year !! Supercomputer !! [[FLOPS|Peak speed<br>(Rmax)]] !! Location
! Year !! Supercomputer !! FLOPS|Peak speed<br>(Rmax) !! Location
|-
|-
|1938
|1938
|[[Zuse]] [[Z1 (computer)|Z1]]
|Zuse Z1 (computer)|Z1
|align=right|1&nbsp;OPS
|align=right|1&nbsp;OPS
|[[Konrad Zuse]], [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]
|Konrad Zuse, Berlin, Germany
|-
|-
|1941
|1941
|Zuse [[Z3 (computer)|Z3]]
|Zuse Z3 (computer)|Z3
|align=right|20&nbsp;OPS
|align=right|20&nbsp;OPS
|[[Konrad Zuse]], [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]
|Konrad Zuse, Berlin, Germany
|-
|-
|1943
|1943
|[[Colossus_computer|Colossus 1]]
|Colossus_computer|Colossus 1
|align=right|5&nbsp;kOPS
|align=right|5&nbsp;kOPS
|[[Post_Office_Research_Station|Post Office Research Station]], [[Bletchley_Park|Bletchley Park]], [[UK]]
|Post_Office_Research_Station|Post Office Research Station, Bletchley_Park|Bletchley Park, UK
|-
|-
|1944
|1944
|[[Colossus_computer|Colossus 2 (Single Processor)]]
|Colossus_computer|Colossus 2 (Single Processor)
|align=right|25&nbsp;kOPS
|align=right|25&nbsp;kOPS
|[[Post_Office_Research_Station|Post Office Research Station]], [[Bletchley_Park|Bletchley Park]], [[UK]]
|Post_Office_Research_Station|Post Office Research Station, Bletchley_Park|Bletchley Park, UK
|-
|-
|1946
|1946
|[[Colossus_computer|Colossus 2 (Parallel Processor)]]
|Colossus_computer|Colossus 2 (Parallel Processor)
|align=right|50&nbsp;kOPS
|align=right|50&nbsp;kOPS
|[[Post_Office_Research_Station|Post Office Research Station]], [[Bletchley_Park|Bletchley Park]], [[UK]]
|Post_Office_Research_Station|Post Office Research Station, Bletchley_Park|Bletchley Park, UK
|-
|-
|1946<br />&nbsp;
|1946<br />&nbsp;
|[[University of Pennsylvania|UPenn]] [[ENIAC]]<br>(before 1948+ modifications) <!-- serial, after 1948 the peak speed was about 833 OPS -->
|University of Pennsylvania|UPenn ENIAC<br>(before 1948+ modifications) <!-- serial, after 1948 the peak speed was about 833 OPS -->
|align=right|5 kOPS
|align=right|5 kOPS
|[[United States Department of War|Department of War]]<br>[[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], [[Maryland]], [[United States|USA]]
|United States Department of War|Department of War<br>Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States|USA
|-
|-
|1954
|1954
|[[IBM]] [[IBM NORC|NORC]]
|IBM IBM NORC|NORC
|align=right|67&nbsp;kOPS
|align=right|67&nbsp;kOPS
|[[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]<br>[[Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division|U.S. Naval Proving Ground]], [[Dahlgren, Virginia|Dahlgren]], [[Virginia]], [[United States|USA]]
|United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense<br>Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division|U.S. Naval Proving Ground, Dahlgren, Virginia|Dahlgren, Virginia, United States|USA
|-
|-
|1956
|1956
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] [[TX-0]]
|Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT TX-0
|align=right|83&nbsp;kOPS
|align=right|83&nbsp;kOPS
|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Inst. of Technology]], [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]], [[Massachusetts]], [[United States|USA]]
|Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington, Massachusetts, United States|USA
|-
|-
|1958
|1958
|[[IBM]] [[AN/FSQ-7]]
|IBM AN/FSQ-7
|align=right|400&nbsp;kOPS
|align=right|400&nbsp;kOPS
|25 [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] sites across the [[continental United States|continental USA]] and 1 site in [[Canada]] (52 computers)
|25 United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force sites across the continental United States|continental USA and 1 site in Canada (52 computers)
|-
|-
|1960
|1960
|[[UNIVAC]] [[UNIVAC LARC|LARC]]
|UNIVAC UNIVAC LARC|LARC
|align=right|250&nbsp;kFLOPS <!-- Only single processor was built, dual processor would have been 500 kFLOPS -->
|align=right|250&nbsp;kFLOPS <!-- Only single processor was built, dual processor would have been 500 kFLOPS -->
|[[United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC)<br>[[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], [[California]], [[United States|USA]]
|United States Atomic Energy Commission|Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)<br>Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA
|-
|-
|1961
|1961
|[[IBM 7030|IBM 7030 "Stretch"]]
|IBM 7030|IBM 7030 "Stretch"
|align=right|1.2&nbsp;MFLOPS
|align=right|1.2&nbsp;MFLOPS
|[[Los Alamos National Laboratory|AEC-Los Alamos National Laboratory]], [[New Mexico]], [[United States|USA]]
|Los Alamos National Laboratory|AEC-Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, United States|USA
|-
|-
|1964
|1964
|[[CDC 6600]]
|CDC 6600
|align=right|3&nbsp;MFLOPS
|align=right|3&nbsp;MFLOPS
|rowspan="3" |[[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|AEC-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], [[California]], [[United States|USA]]
|rowspan="3" |Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|AEC-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA
|-
|-
|1969
|1969
|[[CDC 7600]]
|CDC 7600
|align=right|36&nbsp;MFLOPS
|align=right|36&nbsp;MFLOPS
|-
|-
|1974
|1974
|[[CDC STAR-100]]
|CDC STAR-100
|align=right|100&nbsp;MFLOPS
|align=right|100&nbsp;MFLOPS
|-
|-
|1975
|1975
|[[Burroughs Corporation|Burroughs]] [[ILLIAC IV]]
|Burroughs Corporation|Burroughs ILLIAC IV
|align=right|150&nbsp;MFLOPS
|align=right|150&nbsp;MFLOPS
|[[NASA Ames Research Center]], [[California]], [[United States|USA]]
|NASA Ames Research Center, California, United States|USA
|-
|-
|1976
|1976
|[[Cray-1]]
|Cray-1
|align=right|250&nbsp;MFLOPS
|align=right|250&nbsp;MFLOPS
|[[Energy Research and Development Administration]] (ERDA)<br>[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], [[New Mexico]], [[United States|USA]] (80+ sold worldwide)
|Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA)<br>Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, United States|USA (80+ sold worldwide)
|-
|-
|1981
|1981
|[[CDC Cyber|CDC Cyber 205]]
|CDC Cyber|CDC Cyber 205
|align=right|400&nbsp;MFLOPS
|align=right|400&nbsp;MFLOPS
|(~40 systems worldwide)
|(~40 systems worldwide)
|-
|-
|1983
|1983
|[[Cray X-MP]]/4
|Cray X-MP/4
|align=right|941&nbsp;MFLOPS
|align=right|941&nbsp;MFLOPS
|[[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]] (DoE)<br>[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]; [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]; [[Battelle Memorial Institute|Battelle]]; [[Boeing]]
|United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy (DoE)<br>Los Alamos National Laboratory; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Battelle Memorial Institute|Battelle; Boeing
|-
|-
|1984
|1984
|[[M-13 (computer)|M-13]]
|M-13 (computer)|M-13
|align=right|2.4&nbsp;GFLOPS
|align=right|2.4&nbsp;GFLOPS
|[[Scientific Research Institute of Computer Complexes]], [[Moscow]], [[Soviet Union|USSR]]
|Scientific Research Institute of Computer Complexes, Moscow, Soviet Union|USSR
|-
|-
|1985
|1985
|[[Cray-2]]/8
|Cray-2/8
|align=right|3.9&nbsp;GFLOPS
|align=right|3.9&nbsp;GFLOPS
|[[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|DoE-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], [[California]], [[United States|USA]]
|Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|DoE-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA
|-
|-
|1989
|1989
|[[ETA10]]-G/8
|ETA10-G/8
|align=right|10.3&nbsp;GFLOPS
|align=right|10.3&nbsp;GFLOPS
|[[Florida State University]], [[Florida]], [[United States|USA]]
|Florida State University, Florida, United States|USA
|-
|-
|1990
|1990
|[[NEC Corporation|NEC]] SX-3/44R
|NEC Corporation|NEC SX-3/44R
|align=right|23.2&nbsp;GFLOPS
|align=right|23.2&nbsp;GFLOPS
|[[NEC Corporation|NEC]] Fuchu Plant, [[Fuchū,_Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|NEC Corporation|NEC Fuchu Plant, Fuchū,_Tokyo, Japan
|-
|-
|rowspan="3"|1993
|rowspan="3"|1993
|[[Thinking Machines]] [[Connection Machine|CM]]-5/1024
|Thinking Machines Connection Machine|CM-5/1024
|align=right|59.7&nbsp;GFLOPS
|align=right|59.7&nbsp;GFLOPS
|[[Los Alamos National Laboratory|DoE-Los Alamos National Laboratory]]; [[National Security Agency]]
|Los Alamos National Laboratory|DoE-Los Alamos National Laboratory; National Security Agency
|-
|-
|[[Fujitsu]] [[Numerical Wind Tunnel]]
|Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel
|align=right|124.50&nbsp;GFLOPS
|align=right|124.50&nbsp;GFLOPS
|[[National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan|National Aerospace Laboratory]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan|National Aerospace Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
|-
|-
|[[Intel]] [[Intel Paragon|Paragon]] XP/S 140
|Intel Intel Paragon|Paragon XP/S 140
|align=right|143.40&nbsp;GFLOPS
|align=right|143.40&nbsp;GFLOPS
|[[Sandia National Laboratories|DoE-Sandia National Laboratories]], [[New Mexico]], [[United States|USA]]
|Sandia National Laboratories|DoE-Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, United States|USA
|-
|-
|1994
|1994
|[[Fujitsu]] [[Numerical Wind Tunnel]]
|Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel
|align=right|170.40&nbsp;GFLOPS
|align=right|170.40&nbsp;GFLOPS
|[[National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan|National Aerospace Laboratory]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan|National Aerospace Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
|-
|-
|rowspan="2"|1996
|rowspan="2"|1996
|[[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]] SR2201/1024
|Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi SR2201/1024
|align=right|220.4&nbsp;GFLOPS
|align=right|220.4&nbsp;GFLOPS
|[[University of Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
|University of Tokyo, Japan
|-
|-
|[[Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi]]/[[Tsukuba]] CP-PACS/2048
|Hitachi, Ltd.|Hitachi/Tsukuba CP-PACS/2048
|align=right|368.2&nbsp;GFLOPS
|align=right|368.2&nbsp;GFLOPS
|[[Center for Computational Physics]], [[University of Tsukuba]], [[Tsukuba]], [[Japan]]
|Center for Computational Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
|-
|-
|1997
|1997
|[[Intel]] [[ASCI Red]]/9152
|Intel ASCI Red/9152
|align=right|1.338&nbsp;TFLOPS
|align=right|1.338&nbsp;TFLOPS
|rowspan="2" |[[Sandia National Laboratories|DoE-Sandia National Laboratories]], [[New Mexico]], [[United States|USA]]
|rowspan="2" |Sandia National Laboratories|DoE-Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, United States|USA
|-
|-
|1999
|1999
|[[Intel]] [[ASCI Red]]/9632
|Intel ASCI Red/9632
|align=right|2.3796&nbsp;TFLOPS
|align=right|2.3796&nbsp;TFLOPS
|-
|-
|2000
|2000
|[[IBM]] [[ASCI White]]
|IBM ASCI White
|align=right|7.226&nbsp;TFLOPS
|align=right|7.226&nbsp;TFLOPS
|[[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|DoE-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], [[California]], [[United States|USA]]
|Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|DoE-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA
|-
|-
|2002
|2002
|[[NEC Corporation|NEC]] [[Earth Simulator]]
|NEC Corporation|NEC Earth Simulator
|align=right|35.86&nbsp;TFLOPS
|align=right|35.86&nbsp;TFLOPS
|[[Earth Simulator Center]], [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]]
|Earth Simulator Center, Yokohama, Japan
|-
|-
|2004
|2004
|rowspan="4" |[[IBM]] [[Blue Gene|Blue Gene/L]]
|rowspan="4" |IBM Blue Gene|Blue Gene/L
|align=right|70.72&nbsp;TFLOPS <!-- Technically the same system as the two neighboring entries -->
|align=right|70.72&nbsp;TFLOPS <!-- Technically the same system as the two neighboring entries -->
|[[United States Department of Energy|DoE]]/[[IBM|IBM Rochester]], [[Minnesota]], [[United States|USA]]
|United States Department of Energy|DoE/IBM|IBM Rochester, Minnesota, United States|USA
|-
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005<!-- Technically the same system as the next two entries -->
|rowspan="2"|2005<!-- Technically the same system as the next two entries -->
|align=right|136.8&nbsp;TFLOPS <!-- Technically the same system as next two entries -->
|align=right|136.8&nbsp;TFLOPS <!-- Technically the same system as next two entries -->
|rowspan="3"|[[United States Department of Energy|DoE]]/[[United States National Nuclear Security Administration|U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration]],<br />[[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]], [[California]], [[United States|USA]]
|rowspan="3"|United States Department of Energy|DoE/United States National Nuclear Security Administration|U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration,<br />Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA
|-
|-
|align=right|280.6&nbsp;TFLOPS <!-- upgrade of prior system -->
|align=right|280.6&nbsp;TFLOPS <!-- upgrade of prior system -->
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|-
|-
|rowspan="2" |2008
|rowspan="2" |2008
|rowspan="2" |[[IBM]] [[IBM Roadrunner|Roadrunner]]
|rowspan="2" |IBM IBM Roadrunner|Roadrunner
|align=right|1.026&nbsp;PFLOPS
|align=right|1.026&nbsp;PFLOPS
|rowspan="2" |[[Los Alamos National Laboratory|DoE-Los Alamos National Laboratory]], [[New Mexico]], [[United States|USA]]
|rowspan="2" |Los Alamos National Laboratory|DoE-Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, United States|USA
|-
|-
|align=right|1.105&nbsp;PFLOPS
|align=right|1.105&nbsp;PFLOPS
|-
|-
|2009
|2009
|[[Cray]] [[Jaguar (computer)|Jaguar]]
|Cray Jaguar (computer)|Jaguar
|align=right|1.759&nbsp;PFLOPS
|align=right|1.759&nbsp;PFLOPS
|[[Oak Ridge National Laboratory|DoE-Oak Ridge National Laboratory]], [[Tennessee]], [[United States|USA]]
|Oak Ridge National Laboratory|DoE-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States|USA
|-
|-
<!-- Please do not add new computers unless they appear as #1 on the TOP500 list. See discussion page.-->
<!-- Please do not add new computers unless they appear as #1 on the TOP500 list. See discussion page.-->

Revision as of 02:06, 28 January 2010

"Look through the www.top500.org site, and any other relevant material you can find, and write about supercomputer trends since the beginning of top500.org. Specifically, look at how the architectures, operating systems, and programming models have changed. What models were dominant, say, for each generation, or five-year interval? What technological trends caused the changes? Please write an integrated description. You can link to other Web sites, but your description should be self-contained."



Timeline of supercomputers

This is a list of the record-holders for fastest general-purpose supercomputer in the world, and the year each one set the record. For entries prior to 1993, this list refers to various sources CDC timeline at Computer History Museum. From 1993 to present, the list reflects the Top500 listing Directory page for Top500 lists. Result for each list since June 1993, and the "Peak speed" is given as the "Rmax" rating.

Year Supercomputer Peak speed
(Rmax)		 Location
1938 Z1 1 OPS Konrad Zuse, Berlin, Germany
1941 Z3 20 OPS Konrad Zuse, Berlin, Germany
1943 Colossus 1 5 kOPS Post Office Research Station, Bletchley_Park|Bletchley Park, UK
1944 Colossus 2 (Single Processor) 25 kOPS Post Office Research Station, Bletchley_Park|Bletchley Park, UK
1946 Colossus 2 (Parallel Processor) 50 kOPS Post Office Research Station, Bletchley_Park|Bletchley Park, UK
1946
  		UPenn ENIAC
(before 1948+ modifications) 		5 kOPS Department of War
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States|USA
1954 NORC 67 kOPS Department of Defense
Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division|U.S. Naval Proving Ground, Dahlgren, Virginia|Dahlgren, Virginia, United States|USA
1956 MIT TX-0 83 kOPS Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington, Massachusetts, United States|USA
1958 IBM AN/FSQ-7 400 kOPS U.S. Air Force sites across the continental United States|continental USA and 1 site in Canada (52 computers)
1960 LARC 250 kFLOPS Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA
1961 IBM 7030 "Stretch" 1.2 MFLOPS AEC-Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, United States|USA
1964 CDC 6600 3 MFLOPS Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|AEC-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA
1969 CDC 7600 36 MFLOPS
1974 CDC STAR-100 100 MFLOPS
1975 Burroughs ILLIAC IV 150 MFLOPS USA
1976 Cray-1 250 MFLOPS USA (80+ sold worldwide)
1981 CDC Cyber 205 400 MFLOPS (~40 systems worldwide)
1983 Cray X-MP/4 941 MFLOPS U.S. Department of Energy (DoE)
Los Alamos National Laboratory; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Battelle Memorial Institute|Battelle; Boeing
1984 M-13 2.4 GFLOPS USSR
1985 Cray-2/8 3.9 GFLOPS DoE-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA
1989 ETA10-G/8 10.3 GFLOPS USA
1990 NEC SX-3/44R 23.2 GFLOPS NEC Fuchu Plant, Fuchū,_Tokyo, Japan
1993 CM-5/1024 59.7 GFLOPS DoE-Los Alamos National Laboratory; National Security Agency
Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel 124.50 GFLOPS National Aerospace Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
Paragon XP/S 140 143.40 GFLOPS DoE-Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, United States|USA
1994 Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel 170.40 GFLOPS National Aerospace Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
1996 Hitachi SR2201/1024 220.4 GFLOPS University of Tokyo, Japan
Hitachi/Tsukuba CP-PACS/2048 368.2 GFLOPS Center for Computational Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
1997 Intel ASCI Red/9152 1.338 TFLOPS Sandia National Laboratories|DoE-Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, United States|USA
1999 Intel ASCI Red/9632 2.3796 TFLOPS
2000 IBM ASCI White 7.226 TFLOPS DoE-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA
2002 NEC Earth Simulator 35.86 TFLOPS Earth Simulator Center, Yokohama, Japan
2004 IBM Blue Gene|Blue Gene/L 70.72 TFLOPS DoE/IBM|IBM Rochester, Minnesota, United States|USA
2005 136.8 TFLOPS United States Department of Energy|DoE/United States National Nuclear Security Administration|U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, United States|USA
280.6 TFLOPS
2007 478.2 TFLOPS
2008 IBM IBM Roadrunner|Roadrunner 1.026 PFLOPS Los Alamos National Laboratory|DoE-Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, United States|USA
1.105 PFLOPS
2009 Jaguar 1.759 PFLOPS DoE-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States|USA







Processors

Processor Architecture

Hello world

Processor Family

Number of Processors

Operating Systems

Operating Systems Family

Operating Systems Trend

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