CSC/ECE 517 Fall 2014/oss E1460 aua

Expertiza - Refactoring StudentQuizController

Introduction

Expertiza is a web application developed using Ruby on Rails that serves as a peer-review system. The application allows students to submit and peer-review learning objects (articles, code, web sites, etc)<ref>https://github.com/expertiza/expertiza</ref><ref>http://wikis.lib.ncsu.edu/index.php/Expertiza</ref>. It is an open source project and it's codebase is maintained in GitHub. We are contributing to Expertiza as a part of our Object-Oriented Design and Development's Open-Source Software (OSS) Project. Our goal in this project is to refactor the Student Quiz Controller. In this Wiki Page, we would be explaining the changes that we have made for the same.

Project Description

Our Goal in this project is to refactor the StudentQuiz controller. This class records the quizzes that the student has attempted and its progress and also submits grades for the essays in the quizzes attempted by the student. The changes that are needed to be done are described as follows:<ref>https://docs.google.com/a/ncsu.edu/document/d/1FZCL9KWSdVNsX9BowuZ3gxbCOJoiWX-GVLctSZei3No/edit#</ref>

1. Pluralize the class (StudentQuizzesController).
2. Rename methods to conform to RESTful style (Rename the list method to index.)
3. Reduce the number of instance variables per controller action.
4. Review Method graded? for boolean zen.
5. Performing Code cleanup by removing unused code.
6. Using good Ruby style guidelines in the code.

Modification to Existing Code

Pluralized the class name StudentQuizController

As per the Rails convention the controller class names are suggested to be plural. This helps in generating RESTful routing URI helpers. Also, naming the classes as plural seems more natural and helps in understanding<ref>http://stackoverflow.com/questions/646951/singular-or-plural-controller-and-helper-names-in-rails</ref>. We used the refactor functionality in RubyMine to rename the StudentQuiz controller class to StudentQuizzes.

The following files were modified and/or renamed.

app/controllers/review_mapping_controller.rb
app/controllers/{student_quiz_controller.rb → student_quizzes_controller.rb}
app/helpers/student_quiz_helper.rb
app/helpers/student_quizzes_helper.rb
app/views/questionnaires/view.html.erb
app/views/{student_quiz → student_quizzes}/_quiz_form.html.erb
app/views/{student_quiz → student_quizzes}/_responses.html.erb
app/views/{student_quiz → student_quizzes}/_set_dynamic_quiz.html.erb
app/views/{student_quiz → student_quizzes}/_set_self_quiz.html.erb
app/views/{student_quiz → student_quizzes}/finished_quiz.html.erb
app/views/{student_quiz → student_quizzes}/grade_essays.html.erb
app/views/{student_quiz → student_quizzes}/list.html.erb
app/views/{student_quiz → student_quizzes}/take_quiz.html.erb
app/views/student_task/view.html.erb
app/views/tree_display/actions/_assignments_actions.html.erb
test/functional/{student_quiz_controller_test.rb → student_quizzes_controller_test.rb}
test/test_helper.rb
test/unit/helpers/student_quiz_helper_test.rb
test/unit/helpers/student_quizzes_helper_test.rb

The detailed change-set for this refactor can be seen here.

RESTful style implementation

The purpose of the list method in the StudentQuizzes controller is to list all the quizzes that are available to a particular user for a particular assignment. RESTful guidelines state that a method that returns a list of all available objects, in this case the quizzes, should be named as index. Therefore, we renamed the list method to the index method in the controller and in all the files that had references to the list method of the student_quiz_controller (For e.g. :- The view finished_quiz.html.erb of the Student Quiz controller, the review_mapping controller.rb etc.).

Before Refactoring :
student_quizzes_controller.rb

def list
    @participant = AssignmentParticipant.find(params[:id])
    return unless current_user_id?(@participant.user_id)

    @assignment = Assignment.find(@participant.parent_id)

    # Find the current phase that the assignment is in.
    @quiz_phase = @assignment.get_current_stage(AssignmentParticipant.find(params[:id]).topic_id)

    @quiz_mappings = QuizResponseMap.where(reviewer_id: @participant.id)

    # Calculate the number of quizzes that the user has completed so far.
    @num_quizzes_total = @quiz_mappings.size

    @num_quizzes_completed = 0
    @quiz_mappings.each do |map|
      @num_quizzes_completed += 1 if map.response
    end

    if @assignment.staggered_deadline?
      @quiz_mappings.each { |quiz_mapping|
        if @assignment.team_assignment?
          participant = AssignmentTeam.get_first_member(quiz_mapping.reviewee_id)
        else
          participant = quiz_mapping.reviewee
        end

        if !participant.nil? and !participant.topic_id.nil?
          quiz_due_date = TopicDeadline.where(topic_id: participant.topic_id, deadline_type_id: 1).first
        end
      }
      deadline_type_id = DeadlineType.find_by_name('quiz').id
    end
  end
}

After Refactoring :

def index
    participant = AssignmentParticipant.find(params[:id])
    return unless current_user_id?(participant.user_id)
    @assignment = Assignment.find(participant.parent_id)
    @quiz_mappings = QuizResponseMap.get_mappings_for_reviewer(participant.id)
end

Instance Variable Reductions

In Rails, the data is shared between the controllers and views through the instance variables. The instance variabIes that are set during the execution a particular controller method are accessible to the view. Excessive usage of this standard method of data sharing between the controller and the view results in increased coupling between them. <ref>http://blog.remarkablelabs.com/2013/01/how-to-decrease-coupling-in-your-controllers-views-with-decent_exposure-for-better-maintainability</ref> Increased coupling results in several problems, including less maintainability of code, difficulty in code reuse etc. <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_(computer_programming)#Disadvantages</ref> Thus, we need to reduce coupling to the maximum possible extent and in this case it can be achieved by reducing as many instance variables as possible in the controller. Therefore, we have refactored our code in order to eliminate unused and unnecessary instance variables.

Before Refactoring

student_quizzes_controller.rb

In the take_quiz method, the following instance variables were removed:

• Changed the quizzes instance variable to a local variable.
• Eliminated the instance variable assignment which was not being used anywhere.
• Eliminated the local variable teams which was not being used any where

The unified diff of the changes made is shown below:

  def self.take_quiz assignment_id , reviewer_id
-    @quizzes = Array.new
+    quizzes = Array.new
     reviewer = Participant.where(user_id: reviewer_id, parent_id: assignment_id).first
-    @assignment = Assignment.find(assignment_id)
-    teams = TeamsUser.where(user_id: reviewer_id)
     Team.where(parent_id: assignment_id).each do |quiz_creator|
       unless TeamsUser.find_by_team_id(quiz_creator.id).user_id == reviewer_id
         Questionnaire.where(instructor_id: quiz_creator.id).each do |questionnaire|
-          if !@assignment.team_assignment?
-            unless QuizResponseMap.where(reviewed_object_id: questionnaire.id, reviewer_id:  reviewer.id).first
-              @quizzes.push(questionnaire)
-            end
-          else unless QuizResponseMap.where(reviewed_object_id: questionnaire.id, reviewer_id:  reviewer_id).first
-            @quizzes.push(questionnaire)
+          unless QuizResponseMap.where(reviewed_object_id: questionnaire.id, reviewer_id:  reviewer.id).first
+            quizzes.push(questionnaire)
           end
         end
       end
     end
+    return quizzes
   end
-  return @quizzes
-end

Elimination of Boolean Zen

In cases where a method only returns a boolean value by evaluating an expression (using the if..else construct), the if..else statement is redundant and can be eliminated. We have a method graded? that does this thing. Thus, we eliminated the if..else construct in the graded? method as it was redundant.<ref>https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~scottm/cs312/handouts/slides/topic16_boolean_logic.pdf</ref>

Before Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb

 def graded?(response, question)
  if Score.where(question_id: question.id, response_id:  response.id).first
    return true
  else
    return false
  end
 end

After Refactoring

 def graded?(response, question)
  return (Score.where(question_id: question.id, response_id:  response.id).first)
 end

Code Cleanup

At some places, we found certain statements and variable assignments that were not being used later on in the method or code. We have eliminated such unused statements, so that methods contain only code that is being used later on. This would improve the readability and the maintainability of the code. For example in the code below we eliminated the @quiz_phase and the @num_quizzes_total variables because they were not being used anywhere in the code. Also, since the local variables quiz_due_date, deadline_type_id, participant were not being used anywhere, we could eliminate the entire if block from the code below. We then converted the instance variable participant to a local variable because it was not being used in the corresponding view.

Before Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb

def list
    @participant = AssignmentParticipant.find(params[:id])
    return unless current_user_id?(@participant.user_id)

    @assignment = Assignment.find(@participant.parent_id)

    # Find the current phase that the assignment is in.
    @quiz_phase = @assignment.get_current_stage(AssignmentParticipant.find(params[:id]).topic_id)

    @quiz_mappings = QuizResponseMap.where(reviewer_id: @participant.id)

    # Calculate the number of quizzes that the user has completed so far.
    @num_quizzes_total = @quiz_mappings.size

    @num_quizzes_completed = 0
    @quiz_mappings.each do |map|
      @num_quizzes_completed += 1 if map.response
    end

    if @assignment.staggered_deadline?
      @quiz_mappings.each { |quiz_mapping|
        if @assignment.team_assignment?
          participant = AssignmentTeam.get_first_member(quiz_mapping.reviewee_id)
        else
          participant = quiz_mapping.reviewee
        end

        if !participant.nil? and !participant.topic_id.nil?
          quiz_due_date = TopicDeadline.where(topic_id: participant.topic_id, deadline_type_id: 1).first
        end
      }
      deadline_type_id = DeadlineType.find_by_name('quiz').id
    end
  end
}

After Refactoring

def index
    participant = AssignmentParticipant.find(params[:id])
    return unless current_user_id?(participant.user_id)
    @assignment = Assignment.find(participant.parent_id)
    @quiz_mappings = QuizResponseMap.get_mappings_for_reviewer(participant.id)
end

• Modified declarations of Arrays and Hashes

Before Refactoring :

After Refactoring :

• Removed unused methods like self.participants_in and commented out code.

Following Ruby Style Guidelines (Global Rules)

At many places in the code we found that the Ruby Style Guidelines were not followed. We have refactored the code so that it uses the good code style guidelines. The following are some of the refactorings the we have done:-

Used .eql? instead of "=="

Before Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb
Method : finished_quiz

 if score.score == -1 

After Refactoring

 if score.score.eql? -1 

Eliminated the "== true/false" check

Before Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb
Method : finished_quiz

 if essay_not_graded == true 

After Refactoring

 if essay_not_graded 

Use `&&` and `||` rather than `and` and `or` to keep boolean precedence

Before Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb
Method: record_response

 elsif  correct_answer and params["#{question.id}"] == correct_answer.txt 

After Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb
Method: calculate_score

 elsif  correct_answer && params["#{question.id}"]== correct_answer.txt 

Use key: ‘value’, not :key => ‘value’

Before Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb
Method: record_response

new_score = Score.new :comments => choice, :question_id => question.id, :response_id => @response.id

After Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb
Method: calculate_score

new_score = Score.new comments: choice, question_id: question.id, response_id: response.id

Replace find_by_... with a where command

Rails 4 conventions dictate the use of 'where()' over the use of 'find_by_...' methods while querying ActiveRecords. The code has been refactored to replace the usages of find_by.. with where().

Before Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb
Method: record_response

 if (QuestionType.find_by_question_id question.id).q_type == 'MCC' 

After Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb
Method: calculate_score

ques_type = (QuestionType.where( question_id: question.id)).q_type
if ques_type.eql? 'MCC' 

Use good array checking

[].empty? # not [].length == 0 or [].length.zero? [:foo].any? # not [:foo].length > 0 [:foo].one? # not [:foo].length == 1 [:foo].first # not [:foo][0] [:foo].last # not [:foo][-1]

Use find_each for efficient loops over models

SignedUpUser.all.each do |user| # BAD SignedUpUser.find_each do |user| # GOOD

Used .nil? instead of "== nil"

The inbuilt method .nil? returns a boolean.
we have used this to replace an == nil check that was there in the code.

Before Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb
Method: record_response

if params["#{question.id}"] == nil

After Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb
Method: calculate_score

if params["#{question.id}"].nil?

Used a Boolean variable when that is sufficient

It is a good practice to use a boolean variable if we only need a boolean for our purpose.

Before Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb
Method: record_response

valid = 1
 if valid == 0

After Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb
Method: calculate_score

valid = false
 if valid

Use good conditional statements

Using unless is a good practice. But it is not a good practice to use unless and ! within the condition.
Instead we could use an if condition itself.

Before Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb
Method: record_response

unless new_score.comments != "" && new_score.comments
   valid = false

After Refactoring
student_quizzes_controller.rb
Method: calculate_score

if new_score.comments.empty? || new_score.comments.nil?
   valid = false

Use of Routing Helpers

Routing helpers are a simpler alternative to the otherwise complex hard coded URLs which reduce the readability of the code.Routing helpers allow us to declare possible common routes for a given controller. Routing helpers have been implemented since they maintain consistency even if changes are made to the routing paths.

Before Refactoring:
config.rb does not contain a student_quizzes resource
review_mapping_controller.rb

redirect_to :controller => 'student_quizzes', :action => 'index', :id => params[:participant_id]

After Refactoring
config.rb

resources :student_quizzes, :only => [:index]

review_mapping_controller.rb

redirect_to student_quizzes_path(:id => params[:participant_id])

Replace controller method with a model method

Rails 4 conventions dictate the use of a fat model and skinny controller. It is better to put place the search function in the model rather than placing it in the controller. The search code belonged to the quiz_response_map model, since it queries that particular table in the DB. The code was extracted into the subsequent method displayed below and called from the invitation controller.<ref name = "stackoverflow">StackOverflow</ref>

Before Refactoring
student_quiz_controller.rb

 @quiz_mappings = QuizResponseMap.where(reviewer_id: participant.id)

After Refactoring

 @quiz_mappings = QuizResponseMap.get_mappings_for_reviewer(participant.id)

Changes made in method logic

We have made certain changes in the logic of the methods calculate_score and record_response (previously the code of both these methods was only in record_response) primarily to improve the existing logic and eliminate redundant code. These changes are described as follows:

• The score variable was already being set to 0 on the loop entry, therefore it was redundant to reset score to zero again. Thus, we eliminated this line of code inside the if statement.

Before Refactoring

questions.each do |question|		
  score = 0		
  if (QuestionType.find_by_question_id question.id).q_type == 'MCC'		
    score = 0

After Refactoring

questions.each do |question|
 score = 0
 if ques_type.eql? 'MCC'
    # Eliminated score = 0 over here

• The variable correct_answer stored multiple values as the where condition to which it was assigned was returning multiple values. Therefore it seemed more intuitive to rename correct_answer to correct_answers so that it is apparent that it contains multiple values.

Before Refactoring

correct_answer = QuizQuestionChoice.where(question_id: question.id, iscorrect: 1)

After Refactoring

correct_answers = QuizQuestionChoice.where(question_id: question.id, iscorrect: true)

• The below piece of code found out the question type twice in the same loop. Therefore we extracted it and assigned it to a local variable so that the query is executed only once.

Before Refactoring

# First Query
if (QuestionType.find_by_question_id question.id).q_type == 'MCC'
# Repetition of the query in the same loop
if (QuestionType.find_by_question_id question.id).q_type == 'Essay'

After Refactoring

# Querying only once and assigning it to a local variable ques_type
ques_type = (QuestionType.where( question_id: question.id)).q_type
# Usage 1 of ques_type
if ques_type.eql? 'MCC'
# Usage 2 of ques_type
if ques_type.eql? 'Essay'

• The new_scores and scores array stored almost the similar values. The scores contained a copy of the value that the new_scores array contained. Therefore we eliminated the new_scores array and are performing all the operations only on the scores array.

Before Refactoring

# Part 1
new_score = Score.new :comments => choice, :question_id => question.id, :response_id => @response.id

unless new_score.valid?
 valid = 1
end
new_scores.push(new_score)

# Part 2		  
new_scores.each do |score_update|
 score_update.score = score
 scores.push(score_update)
end

After Refactoring

# Part 1
new_score = Score.new comments: choice, question_id: question.id, response_id: response.id

unless new_score.valid?
  valid = false
end
scores.push(new_score)
	
# Part 2		
scores.each do |score_update|
  score_update.score = score
end

• The logic to compute the final score for a multiple-choice, multiple-correct type of question seemed to be incorrect and therefore we fixed it.

Before Refactoring

# Part 1 of the Scoring Logic
questions.each do |question|
 score = 0
 if (QuestionType.find_by_question_id question.id).q_type == 'MCC'
  score = 0
  if params["#{question.id}"] == nil
   valid = 1
  else
    correct_answer = QuizQuestionChoice.where(question_id: question.id, iscorrect: 1)
    params["#{question.id}"].each do |choice|
    correct_answer.each do |correct|
    if choice == correct.txt
      score += 1
    end

# Part 2 of the scoring logic which seems to award full points even if you marked some extra options apart from marking all correct answers
  unless score == correct_answer.count
   score = 0
  else
   score = 1
  end

After Refactoring

# Part 1 of the Scoring Logic
questions.each do |question|
 score = 0
 correct_answers = QuizQuestionChoice.where(question_id: question.id, iscorrect: true)
 ques_type = (QuestionType.where( question_id: question.id)).q_type
  if ques_type.eql? 'MCC'
     if params["#{question.id}"].nil?
       valid = false
     else
        params["#{question.id}"].each do |choice|
          correct_answers.each do |correct|
          if choice.eql? correct.txt
             score += 1
          end

# Part 2 of the scoring logic - We have also compared the number of options the user selected to the total number of correct answers
if score.eql? correct_answers.count && score == params["#{question.id}"].count
  score = 1
else
  score = 0
end

• The record_response function was performing two distinct operations : One operation was saving the response to the Database and the other was to calculate the score for the questions. We created a new function calculate_score that would calculate the score for the questions and record_response now only performs the task of saving responses to the database.

Before Refactoring

def record_response
  @map = ResponseMap.find(params[:map_id])
  @response = Response.new()
  @response.map_id = params[:map_id]
  @response.created_at = DateTime.current
  @response.updated_at = DateTime.current
  @response.save

  @questionnaire = Questionnaire.find(@map.reviewed_object_id)
  scores = Array.new
  new_scores = Array.new
  valid = 0
  questions = Question.where(questionnaire_id: @questionnaire.id)
  questions.each do |question|
    score = 0
    if (QuestionType.find_by_question_id question.id).q_type == 'MCC'
      score = 0
      if params["#{question.id}"] == nil
        valid = 1
      else
        correct_answer = QuizQuestionChoice.where(question_id: question.id, iscorrect: 1)
        params["#{question.id}"].each do |choice|

          correct_answer.each do |correct|
            if choice == correct.txt
              score += 1
            end

          end
          new_score = Score.new :comments => choice, :question_id => question.id, :response_id => @response.id

          unless new_score.valid?
            valid = 1
          end
          new_scores.push(new_score)

        end
        unless score == correct_answer.count
          score = 0
        else
          score = 1
        end
        new_scores.each do |score_update|
          score_update.score = score
          scores.push(score_update)
        end
      end
    else
      score = 0
      correct_answer = QuizQuestionChoice.where(question_id: question.id, iscorrect:  1).first
      if (QuestionType.find_by_question_id question.id).q_type == 'Essay'
        score = -1
      elsif  correct_answer and params["#{question.id}"] == correct_answer.txt
        score = 1
      end
      new_score = Score.new :comments => params["#{question.id}"], :question_id => question.id, :response_id => @response.id, :score => score
      unless new_score.comments != "" && new_score.comments
        valid = 1
      end
      scores.push(new_score)
    end
  end
  if valid == 0
    scores.each do |score|
      score.save
    end
    redirect_to :controller => 'student_quizzes', :action => 'finished_quiz', :map_id => @map.id
  else
    flash[:error] = "Please answer every question."
    redirect_to :action => :take_quiz, :assignment_id => params[:assignment_id], :questionnaire_id => @questionnaire.id
  end

end

After Refactoring

# New record_response method
  def record_response
    map = ResponseMap.find(params[:map_id])
    response = Response.new
    response.map_id = params[:map_id]
    response.created_at = DateTime.current
    response.updated_at = DateTime.current
    response.save

    calculate_score map,response

  end

# New calculate_score
def calculate_score map, response
    # The entire logic below the response.save line from the earlier record_response method goes here.

References

<references/>