CSC 456 Spring 2012/11a NC: Difference between revisions
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Made by [http://www.fujitsu.com/global/ Fujitsu], the K Computer consists of 88,128 processors between 864 cabinets. Each cabinet contains 96 nodes which, in turn, each contain one processor and 16 GBytes of memory. <ref name="kprocs"/> | Made by [http://www.fujitsu.com/global/ Fujitsu], the K Computer consists of 88,128 processors between 864 cabinets. Each cabinet contains 96 nodes which, in turn, each contain one processor and 16 GBytes of memory. <ref name="kprocs"/> | ||
The system is networked together via [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_(network_topology)#Point-to-point point-to-point], or direct, connection. <ref name="knetwork"/> [[What topology? Surely not 95^2 links!]] | The system is networked together via [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_(network_topology)#Point-to-point point-to-point], or direct, connection. Fujitsu has their own proprietary network, known as the "Tofu Interconnect". It is a six-dimensional [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_topology mesh]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus_interconnect torus] topology. <ref name= | ||
"kpdf"/><ref name="ktofu"/><ref name="knetwork"/> [[What topology? Surely not 95^2 links!]] | |||
The K Computer is not a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_shared_memory distributed shared memory] (DSM) machine in which the physically separate nodes are addressed as one logically shared address space. Instead, the K Computer utilizes a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_Passing_Interface message passing interface] (MPI), allowing the nodes to pass messages to one another as needed. | The K Computer is not a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_shared_memory distributed shared memory] (DSM) machine in which the physically separate nodes are addressed as one logically shared address space. Instead, the K Computer utilizes a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_Passing_Interface message passing interface] (MPI), allowing the nodes to pass messages to one another as needed. | ||
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<references> | <references> | ||
<ref name="kpdf">http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/TC/sc10/interconnect-of-k-computer.pdf</ref> | |||
<ref name="ktofu">http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/tech/k/whatis/network/</ref> | |||
<ref name="kprocs">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_computer</ref> | <ref name="kprocs">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_computer</ref> | ||
<ref name="knetwork">http://www.riken.jp/engn/r-world/info/release/pamphlet/aics/pdf/2010_09.pdf</ref> | <ref name="knetwork">http://www.riken.jp/engn/r-world/info/release/pamphlet/aics/pdf/2010_09.pdf</ref> | ||
</references> | </references> | ||
Revision as of 19:35, 13 April 2012
Large-Scale Multiprocessor Examples
Some examples of large-scale multiprocessor systems include Fujitsu's K Computer, the Tianhe-1A from the National Supercomputer Center in Tianjin, China, and [another example or two] How 'bout IBM's large systems--Blue Gene, etc.
K Computer
Made by Fujitsu, the K Computer consists of 88,128 processors between 864 cabinets. Each cabinet contains 96 nodes which, in turn, each contain one processor and 16 GBytes of memory. <ref name="kprocs"/>
The system is networked together via point-to-point, or direct, connection. Fujitsu has their own proprietary network, known as the "Tofu Interconnect". It is a six-dimensional mesh/torus topology. <ref name= "kpdf"/><ref name="ktofu"/><ref name="knetwork"/> What topology? Surely not 95^2 links!
The K Computer is not a distributed shared memory (DSM) machine in which the physically separate nodes are addressed as one logically shared address space. Instead, the K Computer utilizes a message passing interface (MPI), allowing the nodes to pass messages to one another as needed.
Tianhe-1A
The Tianhe-1A, sponsored by the National University of Defense Technology in China, is capable of 4.701 petaFLOPS. It is comprised of 14,336 Xeon X5670 processors and 7,168 Nvidia GP-GPUs. In addition to the Xeon and Nvidia chips, there are 2048 FeiTeng 1000 processors.
All of these processors are contained in 112 computer cabinets, 12 storage cabinets, 6 communication cabinets, and 8 I/O cabinets. In each computer cabinet are 4 racks with 8 blades each and a 16 port switch. A single blade contains 2 computer nodes each containing 2 Xeon processors and 1 Nvidia GPU. This comes to a total of 3584 blades. These individual nodes are connected using a high-speed interconnect called Arch, which has a bandwidth of 160 Gbps.
The Arch interconnect uses point-to-point connections in a hybrid fat tree configuration.
The system uses message passing rather than shared memory, so neither a system-wide cache coherency protocol nor a memory consistency protocol is necessary.
References
<references> <ref name="kpdf">http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/TC/sc10/interconnect-of-k-computer.pdf</ref> <ref name="ktofu">http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/tech/k/whatis/network/</ref> <ref name="kprocs">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_computer</ref> <ref name="knetwork">http://www.riken.jp/engn/r-world/info/release/pamphlet/aics/pdf/2010_09.pdf</ref> </references>