CSC/ECE 517 Fall 2007/wiki1b 1 as

Background

Ruby does not implement true multiple inheritance, but provides Modules as a way to reuse chunks of codes in many classes. Modules, unlike like classes in OO languages such as Java, cannot be instantiated or sub-classed. Modules are included in class definitions by using the ‘include’ method which will mix that module’s methods into the calling class. The module’s methods will then become instance methods.

A class can include several modules within the class definition. However, a problem exists when a class includes multiple modules that contain a method of the same name. Since the class will have access to both of these methods, unexpected behavior may occur when the names of the methods conflict.

Let’s look at a few examples!

Examples

1. Method Name Conflict

In the following example, we have the class Zap. This class includes the module Foo and the module Test. Both modules contain a method named bar.

  module Foo
     def bar
        "hello"
     end
  end
  module Test
     def bar
        "goodbye"
     end
  end   
  class Zap
   include Foo
   include Test
  end

If a call is made to Zap's bar method, the caller is unsure whether the result will be "hello" or "goodbye".

  z = Zap.new
  puts z.bar

The result of this call is:

  goodbye

This is because Ruby will first search the last module included, and continue in a descending order. The method that is invoked may not be the method that the caller expected to run. Therefore, precaution to be taken within the class to eliminate ambiguity.

2. Using Namespaces to Avoid Conflict

Using namespaces within the modules will make the method names unique and help disambiguate any conflicts. The namespace is created simply by prefixing the method name with the module name and a period (i.e., Module.method).

Let's modify the previous example to include namespaces.

 module Foo
    def Foo.bar #the method name is qualified
       "hello"
    end
 end
 module Test
    def Test.bar #the method name is qualified
       "goodbye"
    end
 end   
 class Zap
  include Foo
  include Test

Zap class defines a method called bar, and makes a call to both bar methods in Foo and Test. If the programmer knew for sure that any call to the bar method should invoke only one of the modules, this could be handled here by only calling the module of choice.

  def bar 
     puts Foo.bar
     puts Test.bar
  end
  z = Zap.new
  puts z.bar

This will produce:

  Hello
  Goodbye

3. Using Aliases to Avoid Conflict

An alternative to using namespaces is to use alias to disambiguate method names in different modules. Again, looking at the first example, we have modified it to show the use of aliases.

 module Foo
     def bar
        "hello"
     end
  end
  module Test
     def bar
        "goodbye"
     end
  end
  

In the Zap class, we define two aliases, one for Foo's bar method and another for Test's bar method. The alias syntax is alias :new_name :old_name. So, to disambiguate, we first include Foo, and give an alias to its bar method. Then include Test and give an alias to its bar method.

  class Zap
   include Foo
   alias :Foo_bar :bar
   include Test
   alias :Test_bar :bar
  end

The caller then can make a call to the new method names defined by the aliases to choose exactly which call they want to make.

  z = Zap.new
  puts z.Foo_bar
  puts z.Test_bar

The result of this call is:

  hello
  goodbye

Note: A call to z.bar would react the same way as shown in example one, with the result being a call to the last module included.

Conclusion

As illustrated in the examples, there are at least two ways to ensure that your class runs as expected even when using modules with method name conflicts.

The two approaches are:

1. using namespaces
2. using an alias

With namespaces, the class controls what module will be invoked. However, with aliases, the caller controls what will be invoked. These two approaches have their advantages and disadvantages.

An advantage of using namespaces is that the logic that the programmer envisions is captured in the code. For example, the programmer may only be interested in Foo's bar method and not Test's bar method. This can be controlled by internally making the call to Foo.bar anytime the class's bar method is invoked. By the same token, this causes less flexibility, which is a disadvantage.

When using aliases, the caller is more in control. The caller can leverage the fact that the class it is calling has access to the bar method of two different modules, thus providing more power and flexibility. However, the disadvantage of this is that the caller must know the internals of the class it is calling. It must know which aliased method calls what module, and also what that module's method does.

In our opinion, using namespaces is the more efficient object-oriented (OO) design approach. Encapsulation is an important OO concept, and taxing the caller to research the internals of the code, while powerful, is inefficient.

References

1. Modules, Mixins, and Inheritance
2. Ruby User's Guide
3. 'use' package readme