CSC/ECE 517 Fall 2011/ch1 1f sv

Comparing version - control systems from the programmer's stand point

Introduction : Version Control Systems

Version Control System (VCS) is a software that allows to manage changes of documents, programs, images and other information that is stored in form of computer files. Changes are usually identified by an incrementing number or letter code also known as revision number or revision.The simplest usage of versioning is - you can easily go back to the previous working version of your files, should you mess something up with the latest changes.Changes could range from fixing a typo in a text file up to a huge refactoring in a software project, spanning hundreds of files. Each change usually has name of the person introduced it, time of the change and an optional description message.

Types of Version Control Systems

The version control systems can be classified into three categories:

1. Local version Control

In the local-only approach, all developers must use the same computer system. These software often manage single files individually and are largely replaced or embedded within newer software.

Examples of this approach are:

Revision Control System (RCS) stores the latest version and backward deltas for fastest access to the trunk tip compared to SCCS and an improved user interface, at the cost of slow branch tip access and missing support for included/excluded deltas.

Source Code Control System (SCCS) is a part of UNIX and is based on interleaved deltas, and can construct versions as arbitrary sets of revisions. Extracting an arbitrary version takes essentially the same speed and is thus more useful in environments that rely heavily on branching and merging with multiple "current" and identical versions.

2. Client - Server Model

In the client-server model, developers use a shared single repository.

Open Source

Concurrent Versions System (CVS) was originally built on RCS and licensed under the GPL.

CVS uses a client–server architecture in which clients connect to the server where the current version(s) of a project and its history is stored and "check out" a complete copy of the project, work on this copy and then later "check in" their changes. The client and server can connect over a LAN or over the Internet, or client and server may both run on the same machine if track of the version history of a project with only local developers is required.

Several developers can work concurrently on the same project, each one "checking out" files of the project within their "working copy", and "checking in" their changes to the server. The problem of users stepping on others feet is avoided as the server allows users to "check-in" to the most recent version of the file. Developers are therefore expected to keep their working copy up-to-date by incorporating other people's changes on a regular basis. This task is mostly handled automatically by the CVS client, requiring manual intervention only when an edit conflict arises between a checked-in modification and the yet-unchecked local version of a file. A successful check - in operation, increments the version numbers of all files involved automatically, and the CVS-server writes a user-supplied description line, the date and the author's name to its log files.

Clients can also compare versions, request a complete history of changes, or check out a historical snapshot of the project as of a given date or as of a revision number.

CVS labels a single project (set of related files) which it manages as a module. A CVS server stores the modules it manages in its repository. Programmers acquire copies of modules by checking out. The checked-out files serve as a working copy, sandbox or workspace. Changes to the working copy will be reflected in the repository by committing them. To update is to acquire or merge the changes in the repository with the working copy.

Some of the drawbacks of CVS are

Revisions created by a commit are per file, rather than spanning the collection of files that make up the project or spanning the entire repository.

CVS does not version the moving or renaming of files and directories.

No versioning of symbolic links. Symbolic links stored in a version control system can pose a security risk - someone can create a symbolic link index.htm to /etc/passwd and then store it in the repository; when the "code" is exported to a Web server the Web site now has a copy of the system security file available for public inspection.

Limited support for Unicode and non-ASCII filenames.

No atomic commit. The network and server used should have sufficient resilience that a commit can complete without ever crashing. In many code management processes, development work is performed on branches, and then merged into the trunk after code review - that final merge is 'atomic' and performed in the data center by QA.

Expensive branch operations. CVS assumes that the majority of work will take place on the trunk — branches should generally be short-lived or historical. When used as designed, branches are easily managed and branch operations are efficient and fast.

CVS treats files as textual by default. Text files should be the primary file type stored in the CVS repository. Binary files are supported and files with a particular file extension can automatically be recognized as being binary.

No support for distributed revision control or unpublished changes. Programmers should commit changes to the files often for frequent merging and rapid publication to all users.

Subversion (svn) is an open-source, Apache License versioning control system inspired by CVS and is available on the major operating systems.

SVN provides developers with the following advantages when compared to legacy CVS:

a. All commits are atomic operations.
b. Full revision history is maintained for files renamed/copied/moved/removed.
c. Versioning is maintained for directories, renames, and file metadata which enables developers to move and/or copy entire directory-trees while retaining the entire revision history.
d. Versioning of symbolic links.
e. Branching as a cheap operation, independent of file size. 
f. Files which cannot be merged, are locked by developers which is known as "Reserved checkouts".

Repository types=

Subversion offers two types of repository storage — FSFS and Berkeley DB.

Repository types Subversion offers two types of repository storage — FSFS and Berkeley DB. [edit]FSFS FSFS works faster on directories with a large number of files and takes less disk space, due to less logging.[5] Beginning with Subversion 1.2, FSFS is the default data store for new repositories. [edit]Berkeley DB Subversion has some limitations with Berkeley DB usage when a program that accesses the database crashes or terminates forcibly. No data loss or corruption occurs, but the repository is offline while Berkeley DB replays the journal and cleans up any outstanding locks. When using Berkeley DB repository, the only way to use it safely is on the dedicated server and by a single server process running as one user, according to Version Control with Subversion.[6] Existing tools for Berkeley DB repository recovery are not completely reliable, so system administrators need to make frequent repository backups[citation needed]. [edit]Repository access Main article: Comparison of Subversion clients Access to Subversion repositories can take place by the following means: Local filesystem or network filesystem,[7] accessed by client directly. This mode uses the file:///path access scheme. WebDAV/Delta-V (over http or https) using the mod_dav_svn module for Apache 2. This mode uses the http://host/path access scheme or https://host/path for secure connections using ssl. Custom "svn" protocol (default port 3690), using plain text or over TCP/IP. This mode uses either the svn://host/path access scheme for unencrypted transport or svn+ssh://host/path scheme for tunneling over ssh. All three means can access both FSFS and Berkeley DB repositories. Any 1.x version of a client can work with any 1.x server. Newer clients and servers have additional features and performance capabilities, but have fallback support for older clients/servers.[8] [edit]Layers

Internally, a Subversion system comprises several libraries arranged as layers. Each performs a specific task and allows developers to create their own tools at the desired level of complexity and specificity. Fs The lowest level; it implements the versioned filesystem which stores the user data. Repos

SVN employs the inter-file branching model to handle branches.

a. A trunk is a location where the main development occurs. 
b. A branch is a separate line of development, used to isolate changes.
c. Tags refer to a snapshot of the content.

A new branch is created by using the 'svn copy' command. This creates old and new version copies whicha re linked ogether internally and history is perserved for both. The copied versions take up only a small amount of space as only the differences from the original versions are saved in the repository. All the versions in each branch, maintain the history of the file up to the point of the copy, plus any changes made since. One can "merge" changes back into the trunk or between branches.