CSC/ECE 506 Spring 2010/ch1 lm

"Look through the www.top500.org site, and any other relevant material you can find, and write about supercomputer trends since the beginning of top500.org. Specifically, look at how the architectures, operating systems, and programming models have changed. What models were dominant, say, for each generation, or five-year interval? What technological trends caused the changes? Please write an integrated description. You can link to other Web sites, but your description should be self-contained."

Timeline of supercomputers

This is a list of the record-holders for fastest general-purpose supercomputer in the world, and the year each one set the record. For entries prior to 1993, this list refers to various sources CDC timeline at Computer History MuseumTemplate:Fact. From 1993 to present, the list reflects the Top500 listing<ref>Directory page for Top500 lists. Result for each list since June 1993</ref>, and the "Peak speed" is given as the "Rmax" rating.

Year	Supercomputer	Peak speed (Rmax)	Location
1938	Zuse Z1	1 OPS	Konrad Zuse, Berlin, Germany
1941	Zuse Z3	20 OPS	Konrad Zuse, Berlin, Germany
1943	Colossus 1	5 kOPS	Post Office Research Station, Bletchley Park, UK
1944	Colossus 2 (Single Processor)	25 kOPS	Post Office Research Station, Bletchley Park, UK
1946	Colossus 2 (Parallel Processor)	50 kOPS	Post Office Research Station, Bletchley Park, UK
1946	UPenn ENIAC (before 1948+ modifications)	5 kOPS	Department of War Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA
1954	IBM NORC	67 kOPS	Department of Defense U.S. Naval Proving Ground, Dahlgren, Virginia, USA
1956	MIT TX-0	83 kOPS	Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
1958	IBM AN/FSQ-7	400 kOPS	25 U.S. Air Force sites across the continental USA and 1 site in Canada (52 computers)
1960	UNIVAC LARC	250 kFLOPS	Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, USA
1961	IBM 7030 "Stretch"	1.2 MFLOPS	AEC-Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA
1964	CDC 6600	3 MFLOPS	AEC-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, USA
1969	CDC 7600	36 MFLOPS
1974	CDC STAR-100	100 MFLOPS
1975	Burroughs ILLIAC IV	150 MFLOPS	NASA Ames Research Center, California, USA
1976	Cray-1	250 MFLOPS	Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA (80+ sold worldwide)
1981	CDC Cyber 205	400 MFLOPS	(~40 systems worldwide)
1983	Cray X-MP/4	941 MFLOPS	U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) Los Alamos National Laboratory; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; Battelle; Boeing
1984	M-13	2.4 GFLOPS	Scientific Research Institute of Computer Complexes, Moscow, USSR
1985	Cray-2/8	3.9 GFLOPS	DoE-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, USA
1989	ETA10-G/8	10.3 GFLOPS	Florida State University, Florida, USA
1990	NEC SX-3/44R	23.2 GFLOPS	NEC Fuchu Plant, Fuchū,_Tokyo, Japan
1993	Thinking Machines CM-5/1024	59.7 GFLOPS	DoE-Los Alamos National Laboratory; National Security Agency
	Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel	124.50 GFLOPS	National Aerospace Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
	Intel Paragon XP/S 140	143.40 GFLOPS	DoE-Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, USA
1994	Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel	170.40 GFLOPS	National Aerospace Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
1996	Hitachi SR2201/1024	220.4 GFLOPS	University of Tokyo, Japan
	Hitachi/Tsukuba CP-PACS/2048	368.2 GFLOPS	Center for Computational Physics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
1997	Intel ASCI Red/9152	1.338 TFLOPS	DoE-Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico, USA
1999	Intel ASCI Red/9632	2.3796 TFLOPS
2000	IBM ASCI White	7.226 TFLOPS	DoE-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, USA
2002	NEC Earth Simulator	35.86 TFLOPS	Earth Simulator Center, Yokohama, Japan
2004	IBM Blue Gene/L	70.72 TFLOPS	DoE/IBM Rochester, Minnesota, USA
2005		136.8 TFLOPS	DoE/U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California, USA
		280.6 TFLOPS
2007		478.2 TFLOPS
2008	IBM Roadrunner	1.026 PFLOPS	DoE-Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico, USA
		1.105 PFLOPS
2009	Cray Jaguar	1.759 PFLOPS	DoE-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, USA

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Processors

Processor Architecture

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