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DOM provides methods to dynamically change the tree structure or node content.  
DOM provides methods to dynamically change the tree structure or node content.  
For example, <code>insertBefore(newElement, referenceElement)</code> method is used to insert a new node <code>newElement</code> before <code>referenceElement</code>.
For example, <code>insertBefore(newElement, referenceElement)</code> method is used to insert a new node <code>newElement</code> before <code>referenceElement</code>.
DOM tree has <code>document</code> as the root for the HTML document. This root node implements <code>Node</code> interface. Hence, methods such as <code>document.getElementById()</code>, <code>document.getElementsByName()</code> are used to access the elements in the tree with document as the root.<sup>[http://www.brainjar.com/dhtml/intro/default2.asp]</sup>
DOM tree for the HTML document has <code>document</code> as its root. This root node implements <code>Node</code> interface. Hence, the methods like <code>document.getElementById()</code>, <code>document.getElementsByName()</code> are used to access the elements in the tree.<sup>[http://www.brainjar.com/dhtml/intro/default2.asp]</sup>


== DOM in HTML, XML, Javascript ==
== DOM in HTML, XML, Javascript ==


DOM is used for the objects in HTML or XML. DOM parser is used in Javascript to access or change these objects dynamically.
DOM treats HTML or XML documents as objects. DOM parser is used in Javascript to access or change these objects dynamically.


=== DOM in HTML ===
=== DOM in HTML ===
DOM creates the tree structure for the HTML page. In DOM tree, base <HTML> tag corresponds to the root node in tree structure. Consider the below HTML syntax for table<sup>[http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/introduction.html]</sup>
DOM creates the tree structure for the HTML document. In DOM tree, base <code><HTML></code> tag corresponds to the root node in the tree structure. Consider the below HTML snippet for table<sup>[http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/introduction.html]</sup>


<code><pre>
<code><pre>
Line 49: Line 49:
[[Image:HTML_Tree_Structure.png|width|500px]]
[[Image:HTML_Tree_Structure.png|width|500px]]


Thus for every HTML page DOM builds the tree which can be later accessed using different methods provided by node interface.
Thus, for every HTML document, DOM builds the tree which can later be accessed or modified easily.


=== DOM in XML ===
=== DOM in XML ===
DOM also provides interface which works with XML. Using DOM one can access the XML nodes randomly also it provides method which allows to change the contents or structure of the XML document dynamically. Consider the following example of XML<sup>[http://www.w3schools.com/dom/dom_nodes.asp]</sup>,
DOM also provides an interface which works with XML documents. Using DOM, XML nodes can be accessed randomly and the contents or structure of the XML document can be changed dynamically. Consider the following example of XML<sup>[http://www.w3schools.com/dom/dom_nodes.asp]</sup>,


<code><pre>
<nowiki>
  <bookstore>
  <bookstore>
   <book>
   <book>
Line 64: Line 66:
   </book>
   </book>
  </bookstore>
  </bookstore>
</nowiki>
</pre></code>


The corresponding DOM tree for this is,
The corresponding DOM tree for this is,


[[Image:XML_Tree_Structure.png|width|500px]]
[[Image:XML_Tree_Structure.png|width|500px]]
Thus, the tree built by DOM is used to access or modify the XML document.


=== DOM in Javascript ===
=== DOM in Javascript ===


[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript Javascript] uses DOM to access or change the HTML/XML objects dynamically. Consider the below example of table in HTML
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript Javascript] uses DOM to access or change the HTML/XML objects dynamically. Consider the below example of table in HTML
 
<code><pre>
<nowiki>
  <TABLE>  
  <TABLE>  
   <TR>  
   <TR>  
Line 83: Line 90:
   </TR>  
   </TR>  
  </TABLE>
  </TABLE>
</nowiki>
</pre></code>


To change the content of first cell from CSC517 to ECE517 in javascript, DOM is used. It can access the content of that cell using <code>getElementById()</code>. There is <code>innerHTML</code> property which allows to change the content of corresponding node. So <code>document.getElementById("course1").innerHTML="ECE517";</code> will change the cell content from CSC517 to ECE517. There are other methods like <code>getElementsByTagName()</code> which also can be used for accessing the node.
In javascript, DOM can be used to change the content of first cell from CSC517 to ECE517. It can access the content of that cell using <code>document.getElementById("course1")</code> method. There is <code>innerHTML</code> property which allows to change the content of corresponding node dynamically. So <code>document.getElementById("course1").innerHTML="ECE517";</code> will change the cell content from CSC517 to ECE517. There are other methods like <code>getElementsByTagName()</code> which can also be used for accessing the node.


== Relation between DOM and other object models ==
== Relation between DOM and other object models ==
DOM is one of the object model. At first, it sounds out of context to refer DOM as one of the object models but it is based on object concept. Though the object concept associated with DOM is different from the standard object concept associated with object oriented languages like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) Java], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B C++].
At first, DOM looks out of place when considered to be one of the object models. However, it is based on the object concept which is different from the traditional object concept associated with object oriented languages like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) Java], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B C++].
The term ''object model'' can be used in two different contexts<sup>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_model]</sup>.  
The term ''object model'' can be used in two different contexts<sup>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_model]</sup>.  
The first one is associated with object oriented languages like Java, C++. These object models are described with inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction etc.
 
The second is the one in which programs can access, manipulate the specific parts of the context using a collection of classes or objects. Document Object Model fits in this concept. DOM is nothing but the collection of objects which represents the HTML/XHTML/XML document.[8]
The first one is associated with object oriented languages like Java, C++. These object models are described with inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction, etc.
The second is the one in which programs can access, manipulate the specific parts of the context using a collection of classes or objects. Document Object Model fits in this concept. DOM is nothing but the collection of objects which represents the HTML/XHTML/XML document[8].


Any object model has three key concepts
Any object model has three key concepts
* data structures that can be used to represent the object state
* data structures that can be used to represent the object state
* ways to associate behaviour with the object state
* behavior associated with the object state
* ways for the object methods to access and operate on that state
* methods to access and operate on the object state


The name "Document Object Model" was chosen because it is an "object model" in the traditional object oriented design sense: documents are modeled using objects, and the model encompasses not only the structure of a document, but also the behavior of a document and the objects of which it is composed. In other words, the nodes in the above diagram do not represent a data structure, they represent objects, which have functions and identity. As an object model, the DOM identifies:
The name "Document Object Model" is chosen because documents are modeled using objects, and the model encompasses not only the structure of the document, but also the behavior of a document. In other words, the nodes in the DOM tree do not represent a data structure, they represent objects which have functions and properties. As an object model, the DOM identifies:


* the interfaces and objects used to represent and manipulate a document
* the interfaces and the objects used to represent and manipulate a document
* the semantics of these interfaces and objects - including both behavior and attributes
* the semantics of these interfaces and objects - including both behavior and attributes
* the relationships and collaborations among the interfaces and objects
* the relationships and collaborations among the interfaces and objects


Thus DOM is based on Object concept as it uses methods and properties of objects to modify or access the documents.
Thus, DOM facilitates accessing and modifying the document using properties and behavior of object.


== Other Competing Solutions ==
== Other Competing Solutions ==
DOM is the popular parser for XML/HTML documents but there are other competing solutions. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_API_for_XML Simple API for XML(SAX)], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAXB Java Architecture for XML Binding(JAXB)] are other popular solutions.
DOM is the popular parser for XML/HTML documents but there are other competing solutions like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_API_for_XML Simple API for XML(SAX)], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAXB Java Architecture for XML Binding(JAXB)].


=== Simple API for XML (SAX) ===
=== Simple API for XML (SAX) ===
The Simple API for XML (SAX) is the event-driven, serial-access mechanism that does element-by-element processing. SAX allows you to process a document as it's being read, which avoids the need to wait for all of it to be stored before taking action. Being an event-based  interface, the parser reports events whenever it sees a tag/attribute/text node/unresolved external entity/other.
The Simple API for XML (SAX) is the event-driven mechanism which employs serial access to the elements. SAX allows processing a document as it's being read and this avoids the waiting time involved to store the document before taking any action. Being an event-based  interface, the parser reports events whenever it sees a tag/attribute/text node/unresolved external entity/other.
SAX is a streaming interface — applications receive information from XML documents in a continuous stream, with no backtracking or navigation allowed. This approach makes SAX extremely efficient, handing XML documents of nearly any size in linear time and near-constant memory, but it also places greater demands on the software developer's skills. As a result, the programmer has to attach “event handlers” to handle the events.  
Applications using SAX receive information from XML documents in a continuous stream, with no backtracking or navigation allowed. As a result, applications need not store whole document. This makes SAX extremely efficient, allowing SAX to handle XML documents of nearly any size in linear time and near constant memory. During this process, programmer needs to use his programming skills as he has to attach event handlers to handle the events.  


SAX is memory efficient since the application can discard the useless portions of the document and only keep the small portion that is of interests to the application. A SAX parser can achieve constant memory usage thus easily handle very large documents. Because of this, SAX is more suited for processing local information coming from nodes that are close to each other. Since SAX provides the document information to the application as a series of events, it is difficult for the application to handle global operations across the document. For such complex operations, the application would have to build its own data structure to store the document information.
The applications using SAX can discard the useless portions of the document and only keep the small portion that is of interest to the application. The constant memory usage in SAX enables it to handle very large documents. Therefore, SAX is more suited for processing local information coming from nodes that are close to each other. Since SAX provides the document information to the application as a series of events, handling global context of the document is difficult. For such complex operations, building own data structure can solve the problem.


==== DOM vs SAX ====
==== DOM vs SAX ====
Comparison between DOM and SAX[9]
Comparison between DOM and SAX[9].
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 75%;" border="1"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 75%;" border="1"
|-
|-
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=== Java Architecture for XML Binding (JAXB) ===
=== Java Architecture for XML Binding (JAXB) ===


The Java Architecture for XML Binding (JAXB) provides a fast and convenient way of  working on XML content within Java applications. It provides a unique way of binding XML data to Java representations. The major functionality the JAXB provides are marshalling and unmarshalling.
The Java Architecture for XML Binding (JAXB) provides a fast and convenient way of  working on XML content within Java applications. It provides a unique way of binding XML data to Java representations. The major functionalities the JAXB provides are [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalling_(computer_science) marshalling] and unmarshalling.
''Marshalling'' refers to constructing Java objects from the document.  
''Marshalling'' refers to constructing Java objects from the document.  
''Unmarshalling'' is the process of building up a document from Java object. With the help of these it becomes easier for Java developers to focus on the business logic rather than XML processing.
''Unmarshalling'' is the process of building up a document from Java object. With the help of these it becomes easier for Java developers to focus on the business logic rather than XML processing.
Line 169: Line 179:
|-
|-
|Used for parsing an XML document
|Used for parsing an XML document
|Defines a binding between XML schema and corresponding object heirarchy
|Defines a binding between XML schema and corresponding object hierarchy
|}
|}


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# [http://www.brainjar.com/dhtml/intro/default.asp DOM Structure]
# [http://www.brainjar.com/dhtml/intro/default.asp DOM Structure]
# [http://www.brainjar.com/dhtml/intro/default2.asp DOM tree with document as root object]
# [http://www.brainjar.com/dhtml/intro/default2.asp DOM tree with document as root object]
# [http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/introduction.html DOM in HTML]
# Philippe Le Hégaret,Lauren Wood,Jonathan Robie,[http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/introduction.html DOM in HTML],''World Wide Web Consortium'',2000
# [http://www.w3schools.com/dom/dom_nodes.asp DOM in XML]
# [http://www.w3schools.com/dom/dom_nodes.asp DOM in XML]
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_model Object Models]
# [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_model Object Models]

Latest revision as of 03:14, 23 November 2010

Document Object Model

The Document Object Model is the language independent and platform independent interface which allows to interact with the document. Typically this interaction is with the objects of the HTML, XHTML and XML documents. DOM can change the content, style and structure of such documents. DOM API is provided in different languages to dynamically change the documents.[1]

DOM structure

DOM is an API for HTML, XHTML and XML documents. DOM builds tree for each document and then traverses that tree to read different nodes of the tree. This tree is HTML/XML like structure where each node represents attribute, element, content or some other object. Each of these nodes implements Node interface. Node interface has the prototype of the methods and the properties which are used to access or modify the tree. Below is the sample node tree structure.[2]


Different nodes in the above tree structure can be accessed using properties provided by Node interface.

For example,

NodeA.firstChild = NodeA1

NodeA.childNodes[1] = NodeA2

NodeA.firstChild .firstChild = NodeA1a

DOM provides methods to dynamically change the tree structure or node content. For example, insertBefore(newElement, referenceElement) method is used to insert a new node newElement before referenceElement. DOM tree for the HTML document has document as its root. This root node implements Node interface. Hence, the methods like document.getElementById(), document.getElementsByName() are used to access the elements in the tree.[3]

DOM in HTML, XML, Javascript

DOM treats HTML or XML documents as objects. DOM parser is used in Javascript to access or change these objects dynamically.

DOM in HTML

DOM creates the tree structure for the HTML document. In DOM tree, base <HTML> tag corresponds to the root node in the tree structure. Consider the below HTML snippet for table[4] 


 <table>
   <tr>
     <td>CSC517</td>
     <td>Dr. Gehringer</td>
   </tr>
   <tr>
     <td>CSC540</td>
     <td>Dr. Ogan</td>
   </tr>
 </table>

The corresponding DOM tree for this is,

width

Thus, for every HTML document, DOM builds the tree which can later be accessed or modified easily.

DOM in XML

DOM also provides an interface which works with XML documents. Using DOM, XML nodes can be accessed randomly and the contents or structure of the XML document can be changed dynamically. Consider the following example of XML[5], 


 <bookstore>
  <book>
    <title>Everyday Italian</title>
    <author>Giada De Laurentiis</author>
  </book>
  <book>
    <title>Harry Potter</title>
    <author>J.K. Rowling</author>
  </book>
 </bookstore>

The corresponding DOM tree for this is,

width

Thus, the tree built by DOM is used to access or modify the XML document.

DOM in Javascript

Javascript uses DOM to access or change the HTML/XML objects dynamically. Consider the below example of table in HTML 


 <TABLE> 
   <TR> 
     <TD id='course1'>CSC517</TD>
     <TD id='inst1'>Dr. Gehringer</TD> 
   </TR> 
   <TR>
     <TD id='course2'>CSC540</TD>        
     <TD id='inst2'>Dr. Ogan</TD> 
   </TR> 
 </TABLE>

In javascript, DOM can be used to change the content of first cell from CSC517 to ECE517. It can access the content of that cell using document.getElementById("course1") method. There is innerHTML property which allows to change the content of corresponding node dynamically. So document.getElementById("course1").innerHTML="ECE517"; will change the cell content from CSC517 to ECE517. There are other methods like getElementsByTagName() which can also be used for accessing the node.

Relation between DOM and other object models

At first, DOM looks out of place when considered to be one of the object models. However, it is based on the object concept which is different from the traditional object concept associated with object oriented languages like Java, C++. The term object model can be used in two different contexts[6].

The first one is associated with object oriented languages like Java, C++. These object models are described with inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction, etc. The second is the one in which programs can access, manipulate the specific parts of the context using a collection of classes or objects. Document Object Model fits in this concept. DOM is nothing but the collection of objects which represents the HTML/XHTML/XML document[8].

Any object model has three key concepts

  • data structures that can be used to represent the object state
  • behavior associated with the object state
  • methods to access and operate on the object state

The name "Document Object Model" is chosen because documents are modeled using objects, and the model encompasses not only the structure of the document, but also the behavior of a document. In other words, the nodes in the DOM tree do not represent a data structure, they represent objects which have functions and properties. As an object model, the DOM identifies:

  • the interfaces and the objects used to represent and manipulate a document
  • the semantics of these interfaces and objects - including both behavior and attributes
  • the relationships and collaborations among the interfaces and objects

Thus, DOM facilitates accessing and modifying the document using properties and behavior of object.

Other Competing Solutions

DOM is the popular parser for XML/HTML documents but there are other competing solutions like Simple API for XML(SAX), Java Architecture for XML Binding(JAXB).

Simple API for XML (SAX)

The Simple API for XML (SAX) is the event-driven mechanism which employs serial access to the elements. SAX allows processing a document as it's being read and this avoids the waiting time involved to store the document before taking any action. Being an event-based interface, the parser reports events whenever it sees a tag/attribute/text node/unresolved external entity/other. Applications using SAX receive information from XML documents in a continuous stream, with no backtracking or navigation allowed. As a result, applications need not store whole document. This makes SAX extremely efficient, allowing SAX to handle XML documents of nearly any size in linear time and near constant memory. During this process, programmer needs to use his programming skills as he has to attach event handlers to handle the events.

The applications using SAX can discard the useless portions of the document and only keep the small portion that is of interest to the application. The constant memory usage in SAX enables it to handle very large documents. Therefore, SAX is more suited for processing local information coming from nodes that are close to each other. Since SAX provides the document information to the application as a series of events, handling global context of the document is difficult. For such complex operations, building own data structure can solve the problem.

DOM vs SAX

Comparison between DOM and SAX[9].

Document Object Model (DOM) Simple API for XML (SAX)
DOM is a tree based interface SAX is an event driven interface
Takes significant amount of memory More memory efficient
Convenient for random accessing Appropriate for addressing local information
Can read and modify the document Can only read XML Document
Has to wait before the entire document tree gets loaded in the memory before doing any operation Good for streaming applications since the applications can start processing from the beginning

Java Architecture for XML Binding (JAXB)

The Java Architecture for XML Binding (JAXB) provides a fast and convenient way of working on XML content within Java applications. It provides a unique way of binding XML data to Java representations. The major functionalities the JAXB provides are marshalling and unmarshalling. Marshalling refers to constructing Java objects from the document. Unmarshalling is the process of building up a document from Java object. With the help of these it becomes easier for Java developers to focus on the business logic rather than XML processing.

DOM vs JAXB

Comparison between DOM and JAXB parser[7]

Document Object Model (DOM) Java Architecture for XML Binding (JAXB)
Transformation of DOM tree to XML Marshalling of Java Objects to XML
Transformation of XML Document to DOM tree Unmarshalling of XML data to Java Objects
Not driven by a schema and transformation is done through XML serialization process Driven by a schema as data-binding is used for the mapping between XML Documents and Java classes
Application needs to know XML processing Makes application focus on business logic rather than details of XML
Need to navigate through a tree to access data. Allows to access data in non sequential order without requiring serial navigation
Memory intensive as entire document tree is held in memory, making it incapable in handling very large documents. Efficient memory usage as the tree of content objects produced through JAXB tends to be more efficient in terms of memory use than DOM-based trees.
Used for parsing an XML document Defines a binding between XML schema and corresponding object hierarchy

References

  1. Document Object Model Introduction.
  2. DOM Structure
  3. DOM tree with document as root object
  4. Philippe Le Hégaret,Lauren Wood,Jonathan Robie,DOM in HTML,World Wide Web Consortium,2000
  5. DOM in XML
  6. Object Models
  7. Comparison of JAXB with DOM
  8. Frank Manola,”Technologies for Web Object Model”,IEEE Internet Computing, 1999
  9. Chengkai Li, “XML Parsing, SAX/DOM”,Encyclopedia of Database Systems, 2009
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