CSC/ECE 517 Fall 2014/ch1a 25 jf

Object-relational Mapping

Object-relational Mapping (ORM, O/RM, and O/R mapping) is a programming framework that allows you to define a mapping between application object model and the relational database. In an Object model, the application objects are not aware of the database structure. Objects have properties and references to other objects. Databases consist of tables with columns that maybe related to other tables.

ORM provides a bridge between the Relational database and the object model and lead to a huge reduction in lines of code as ORM tools translate the query language into the appropriate syntax for the database for developers. By using ORM, you can access and update data entirely using the object model of an application. There are lots of free and commercial packages available that perform object-relational mapping. Object code can be written using object-oriented programming (OOP) languages such as Java, Ruby, C++ or C#.

Background

When we develop an object-oriented (OO) systems<ref>Object-oriented analysis and design</ref>, there's always a mismatch between the object model and the relational database. Database management system (DMS)<ref>Database Management Systems (DBMS)</ref> represent data in a tabular format whereas object-oriented languages, such as Java, Ruby or C# represent it as an interconnected graph of objects.

In practice, we usually face lots of mismatch problems while working on an OO system. For example:

• Modifing the design of our database after having developed few pages or our application;
• Loading and storing objects in a relational database exposes us to the some mismatch problems;
• Having an object model which has more classes than the number of corresponding tables in the database;
• DMS doesn't define anything similar to Inheritance which is a natural paradigm in object-oriented programming languages and etc.

By using ORM, the mismatch properties and relationships of the objects in an application can be easily stored and retrieved from a database without writing SQL statements<ref>SQL::Statement</ref> directly and with less overall database access code.<ref>Active Record Basics</ref>

ORM Architecture and Framework

Why to use ORM framework?

ORM framework are often used to reduce the amount of work, when developing an object-oriented system that stores data in a relational database. It is always a very slow and repetitive process to develop all the codes that is required to transfer the information between the object space and the relational space, but with the help of ORM framework, this trivial process can become much easier.

The goal of a ORM framework is to automatically map objects to and from a database seamlessly so that information can be quickly and easily retrieved in the object format, and then subsequently stored in its relational structure. This can make things easier in the process of system development and maintenance. The details of writing your own create, read, update, and delete methods are automatically generated for you, so you can concentrate on designing and building for your application.The below picture is ORM framework.<ref name=Frameworks>An introduction to ColdFusion frameworks</ref>

ORM Architecture

When to use an ORM framework?

From most of programmers' experience, an ORM framework becomes more useful as the size and complexity of the project increases.Setting up an ORM framework may be unnecessary if you only have a simple database with 5 tables and 5-6 queries. In that case,when you have the following situations, the ORM framework will probably save you lots of time:

• 3 or more programmers on a web application.
• database consist of 10+ tables.
• 10+ queries to make.

In most cases, writing SQL and matching the data make developing your application really slow, and maintaining still needs to do numerous changes just for something simple, such as adding a column to a table. If using an ORM framework<ref>ORM-frameworks</ref>, things will be far easier. It doesn't need to write the SQL statement to do create, read, update, and delete operations anymore, because it is automatically generated for you. Pulling information from the database is as simple as sending parameters to the framework. To update the data, it just needs to pass parameters back to the framework, which will manages it. Therefore, it can save lots of time to work on how the application is meant to function and how to design it, rather than the mundane details of pushing and pulling data from your database.

What does an ORM framework do?

ORM framework generates objects that virtually map the tables in a database and developers would use that to interact with the database. Rather than having to write optimized SQL code, programmers could use the object generated by the ORM framework to access the database.

The following is a simple example:

For instance you had a database with the table:

• Clients

The ORM framework would create corresponding objects (e.g. clients_object) that would handle all the database interaction once the ORM framework is well configured. If you need to add a new client to the database,what you need to do is just use the clients_object created by the ORM.

For example, it could be as simple as calling the object’s ‘save()’ method:

client = new clients_object("Stefan","Mac");
client.save();

The above of code, is just pseudo code, mainly because the syntax will vary from ORM framework and from language to language.The below figure illustrates what occurs via using ORM framework in a project.<ref>Service Architecture-Mapping Layer</ref>

ORM framework

How does ORM framework work?

In most of ORM tools, the ability to directly manipulate data stored in a relational database using an object programming language is called transparent persistence. It is different from a database sub-language used by embedded SQL or a call interface used by ODBC or JDBC. See transparent persistence vs. JDBC call-level interface.

By using an ORM tool, it means the framework will generate lots of code for you depending on how you use your data. You will have higher performance over an embedded SQL or a call interface. See caching for object-relational mapping.

With transparent persistence, the manipulation and traversal of persistent objects is performed directly by the object programming language in the same manner as in-memory, non-persistent objects. This is achieved through the use of intelligent caching as this animation shows<ref>How does ORM work under the covers?</ref>. For coding examples, see how to access data in a relational database.

Comparison between ORM and Traditional Methods

Compared to traditional techniques of exchange between an object-oriented language and a relational database, ORM often reduces the amount of code that needs to be written. However, when it comes to the Enterprise Application Development, maybe ORM will lead to other problems.

Simple Example with ORM

The Traditional Methods should first deal with a sql command and then set up a database connection. With the correct configuration of the database such as port, username and password, we will get the result of the database command and after that we can get what we want, the Object.<ref name=sample>StackOverFlow,What is an Object-Relational Mapping Framework?</ref>

//Traditional Method
String sql = "SELECT ... FROM jobs WHERE id = 7"
DbCommand cmd = new DbCommand(connection, sql); 
Result res = cmd.Execute();
Integer title = res[0]["TITLE"];

The Object Relational Mapping tools have configured the database for us. As developers, what we need to do is to get the Object. Therefore, what we need to do is to deal with the Object, in this case 'Job'.

//Using ORM Mapping
Job p = repository.GetJob(7);
Integer title = p.Title;

The code for different languages are similar, some frameworks also put a lot of the code in as static methods on the classes themselves, which means we could implement the process of getting Object even simpler.

Job p = Job.Get(7);

For some languages which implement complex query systems, we may use the following:

Job p = Job.Get(Job.Properties.Id == 7);

See Detailed Sample in Java concerning Objected Relational Mapping at A standardized object-relational mapping mechanism for the Java platform

ORM Advantage and Disadvantage

Advantage

• ORM provides a way to facilitate implementing the Domain model, which means that developers can model entities based on real business concepts rather than based on database structure. ORM tools are strong of query capability and will translate the query language into the appropriate syntax for the database. This leads to huge reduction in lines of code and the ORM tools allows developers to focus on the business logic of the application rather than repetitive CRUD (Create Read Update Delete) logic.

• By using ORM tools, developers don't need to modify through different layers of the application if they want to make changes on SQL Update, Delete and Insert statements.The ORM will automatically use the updated structure for retrievals and updates once the object definitions have been updated<ref name=framework>What are ORM Frameworks?</ref>.

• ORM allows developers to navigate object relationships transparently with related objects automatically loaded as needed. Also the configurable data loading will help to load the appropriate data for each scenario.

• Equipped with concurrency support, ORM allows multiple users to update the same data simultaneously. Also ORM has transaction management and isolation patterns,which will scope the object changes to a transaction so that the entire transaction can either be committed or rolled back. Multiple transactions can be active in memory in the same time as well, keeping each transactions changes isolated form on another.

• Due to the cache management in ORM, entities are cached in memory thereby reducing load on the database.

• ORM's key management characteristics will propagate and manage identifiers and surrogate keys for developers when regarding to the database operations. <ref>MSDN,Ten advantages of an ORM (Object Relational Mapper)</ref>

Disadvantage

ORM seems have so many advantage regarding to small and personal web design and development, however, when it comes to large enterprise systems in Enterprise Application Development, it may lead to some problems because of its characteristics.<ref name=disadvantage>StackOverFlow,Disadvantage for ORM in Enterprise Application Development</ref>

• ORM technologies require configuration files to map table schemas into object structures,however, such configurations in large enterprise systems grow very quickly and become extremely difficult to create and manage. Maintaining the configuration also gets tedious and unmaintainable as business requirements and models constantly change and evolve in an agile environment.

• ORM framework is weak in dealing with customized query, which is also used in large enterprises. Mapping custom queries that do not fit into any defined object nor supported or recommended by the framework providers. In order to solve this problem, developers have to find work-arounds by writing ad hoc objects and queries, or writing custom code to get the data they need.

• Some of the ORM tools require proprietary binding(proprietary libraries and proprietary object query languages) that may not be standardized in the computer science industry. If the provider offers little or no flexibility to change, the developer won't be able to make a change to the specific modification unless to collaborate with the providers which will cost more time.

• The Object Query Languages provided by ORM seem like a benefit to Object Oriented developers by saving their time writing SQL. However, it will probably become a problem to developers in real industry since these query languages may not support some of the intermediate to advanced SQL constructs when Object Query Languages perform queries on the object model.<ref>Object Query Language Reference</ref>

• ORM layers are using costly operations to instantiate and populate the objects with data from the database. Because of the little flexibility in the ORM framework, performance tuning the SQL is almost impossible. Therefore, the untuned and unoptimized queries produced by Object Query will cause significant performance losses and overloading of the database management systems.

• Caches in ORM provide a way to relieve the load on database by reducing the roundtrips but in the meantime it lead to synchronized problems. If not maintained and synchronized in a multi-tiered implementation, significant ramifications in terms of data-accuracy and concurrency will appear. To solve this problem,third party caches or external caches have to be plugged in,pressing more burden on the data-access layer.

ORM Language and Main Tools

This table just includes several well-known object-relational mapping tools regarding to some popular programming languages. It is not up-to-date or all-inclusive. <ref name=listOfORM>Wikipedia,List of Object-relational mapping Software</ref>

Name	C++	.NET	Objective-C	Java	Python	Perl	PHP	Ruby
Several Object-Relational Mapping Tools	LiteSQL	ADO.NET Entity Framework	core Data	jOOQ	Django	DBIx::Class	CakePHP	ActiveRecord
	ODB	Nhibernate	Enterprise Objects	Apache_Gora	Peewee ORM		Doctrine	Sequel
	Wt::Dbo	OpenAccess ORM		Hibernate ORM	SQLAlchemy		FuelPHP	DataMapper

Comparison between ORM tools/mechanism

The following table lists several well-known object-relational mapping tools/mechanism. The table clarifies the ORM tools/mechanism by their platform, availability and current versions. The listed ORM tools/mechanism almost covered most of the popular Object Oriented languages. <ref name=comparisonOfORM> Wikipedia, Comparison of Object-relational mapping Software</ref>

ORM Tools/Mechanism	Platform	Availablity	Version
LiteSQL	C++	Open Source	0.3.15 / August 10, 2012
ODB	C++	Dual-licensed(GNU GPL/Proprietary License)	2.3.0 / October 30, 2013
Wt::Dbo	C++	Dual-licensed(GNU GPL/Proprietary License)	3.3.3 / May 27, 2014
ADO.NET Entity Framework	.NET3.5(SP1)+	Part of .NET 4.0	EF5.0
Nhibernate	.NET2.0(SP1)+	Open Source	NH3.3.1
OpenAccess ORM	.NET2.0+	Free & Commercial	Version 2012.2.816.1
core Data	Objective-C	Commercial	3.2.0
Enterprise Objects Framework	Objective-C	Commercial	WebObjects 5, released in 2001
jOOQ	Java Virtual Machine	Dual-licensed(ASL 2.0/Commercial)	3.3.0 / February 14, 2014
Apache_Gora	Java Virtual Machine	Open Source	0.4 / April 14, 2014
Hibernate ORM	Java Virtual Machine	Open Source	4.2.5 / August 28, 2013
Django	Python	Open Source	1.7 / September 2, 2014
Peewee ORM	Python	Open Source	2.2.3 / April 20, 2014
SQLAlchemy	Python	Open Source	0.9.4 / March 28, 2014
DBIx::Class	Perl	Open Source	0.08270 / January 31, 2014
CakePHP	PHP	Open Source	2.5.4 /September 2, 2014
Doctrine	PHP	Open Source	2.4/April 8, 2014
FuelPHP	PHP	Open Source	1.7.2/ July 13, 2014
ActiveRecord	Ruby	Open Source	4.2.0.beta1/ Aug 20, 2014
Sequel	Ruby	Open Source	4.14.0 / September 1, 2014
DataMapper	Ruby	Open Source	1.2.0/October 13, 2011

See Also

• Write up
• Wikipedia, Object-relational Mapping
• Wikipedia, Object-oriented Programming
• Wikipedia, Object Query Language
• Hibernate Overview,What is Object/Relational Mapping?
• Object-relational Mapping Overview
• Service Architecture, Object-Relational Mapping Articles
• Object-Relational Mapping Concepts
• Choosing an object-relational mapping tool by Fabrice Marguerie
• Mapping Objects to Relational Databases: O/R Mapping In Detail
• RailsGuides Active Record Basics
• Ruby on Rails official website
• Object-Relational Mapping

References

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