CSC/ECE 506 Spring 2013/1a ag - Revision history

Akswain: /* Top 10 supercomputers of todayhttp://www.junauza.com/2011/07/top-10-fastest-linux-based.html */

2013-02-21T02:20:09Z

Top 10 supercomputers of todayhttp://www.junauza.com/2011/07/top-10-fastest-linux-based.html

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	*The unique thing about Roadrunner is its use of two different processing architectures at the same time, more commonly known as hybrid design.		*The unique thing about Roadrunner is its use of two different processing architectures at the same time, more commonly known as hybrid design.
	*This consists of AMD's Opteron along with IBM's own Powercell 8i. In case your dual core computer's speed was never good enough for you, the IBM Roadrunner boasts of a whopping 122,400 cores		*This consists of AMD's Opteron along with IBM's own Powercell 8i. In case your dual core computer's speed was never good enough for you, the IBM Roadrunner boasts of a whopping 122,400 cores


	Benchmarking: The benchmarks – that is, the figures which are in petaflops – are carried out using [http://www.top500.org/project/linpack LINPACK]. LINPACK is basically a collection of FORTRAN subroutines that analyzes and solves linear equations and linear least-square problems. The computer runs a program that solves a system of linear equations and the floating point rate of execution is measured. It is currently the best way to understand how fast a computer works thus making it a benchmarking standard in the world of supercomputers.		Benchmarking: The benchmarks – that is, the figures which are in petaflops – are carried out using [http://www.top500.org/project/linpack LINPACK]. LINPACK is basically a collection of FORTRAN subroutines that analyzes and solves linear equations and linear least-square problems. The computer runs a program that solves a system of linear equations and the floating point rate of execution is measured. It is currently the best way to understand how fast a computer works thus making it a benchmarking standard in the world of supercomputers.

Akswain: /* Top 10 supercomputers of todayhttp://www.junauza.com/2011/07/top-10-fastest-linux-based.html */

2013-02-21T02:19:24Z

Top 10 supercomputers of todayhttp://www.junauza.com/2011/07/top-10-fastest-linux-based.html

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	* And maintaining this supercomputer costs about 20 million USD a year.		* And maintaining this supercomputer costs about 20 million USD a year.
	[[Image:Jaguar-Cray-Fastest-Linux-Supercomputers 3.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Jaguar Cray]]		[[Image:Jaguar-Cray-Fastest-Linux-Supercomputers 3.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Jaguar Cray]]


	'''3. Jaguar Cray:'''		'''3. Jaguar Cray:'''
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	*This mean that this supercomputer costs a whopping 104 million USD and can be found at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee.		*This mean that this supercomputer costs a whopping 104 million USD and can be found at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee.
	[[Image:4.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Nebulae]]		[[Image:4.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Nebulae]]


	'''4. Nebulae:'''		'''4. Nebulae:'''
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	*Nebulae is the 4th most powerful supercomputer in the world and the second most powerful in China.		*Nebulae is the 4th most powerful supercomputer in the world and the second most powerful in China.
	[[Image:Tsubame-2.0-Fastest-Linux-Supercomputers 5.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|TSUBAME 2.0]]		[[Image:Tsubame-2.0-Fastest-Linux-Supercomputers 5.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|TSUBAME 2.0]]


	'''5.TSUBAME 2.0:'''		'''5.TSUBAME 2.0:'''
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	*The Japanese marvel has a theoretical peak performance of a whopping 2.4 petaflops making it the 5th fastest supercomputer in the world. It has an aggregated memory bandwidth of 720 Terabytes per second.		*The Japanese marvel has a theoretical peak performance of a whopping 2.4 petaflops making it the 5th fastest supercomputer in the world. It has an aggregated memory bandwidth of 720 Terabytes per second.
	[[Image:Cielo-Cray-XE6-Fastest-Linux-Supercomputers 6.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Cielo Cray XE6]]		[[Image:Cielo-Cray-XE6-Fastest-Linux-Supercomputers 6.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Cielo Cray XE6]]


	'''6. Cielo Cray XE6:'''		'''6. Cielo Cray XE6:'''
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	*It is powered by AMD x86-64 Opteron 8 core processor. Cielo is located in Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, USA and is mainly used for research purposes.		*It is powered by AMD x86-64 Opteron 8 core processor. Cielo is located in Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, USA and is mainly used for research purposes.
	[[Image:Pleiades-SGI-Altix-Fastest-Linux-Supercomputers 7.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Pleiades SGI Altix]]		[[Image:Pleiades-SGI-Altix-Fastest-Linux-Supercomputers 7.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Pleiades SGI Altix]]


	'''7. Pleiades SGI Altix:'''		'''7. Pleiades SGI Altix:'''
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	*The beast runs on SUSE Linux and has about 6.9 PB of storage space with 12 Direct Data Network (DDN) RAIDs.		*The beast runs on SUSE Linux and has about 6.9 PB of storage space with 12 Direct Data Network (DDN) RAIDs.
	[[Image:Cray-XE6-Fastest-Linux-Supercomputers 8.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Cray XE]]		[[Image:Cray-XE6-Fastest-Linux-Supercomputers 8.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Cray XE]]


	'''8. Cray XE:'''		'''8. Cray XE:'''
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	*XE6 also comes with a Hardware Supervisory System (HSS) that integrates hardware and software components to provide system monitoring, fault identification and recovery.		*XE6 also comes with a Hardware Supervisory System (HSS) that integrates hardware and software components to provide system monitoring, fault identification and recovery.
	[[Image:Tera-100-Fastest-Linux-Supercomputers 9.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px \|Tera 100]]		[[Image:Tera-100-Fastest-Linux-Supercomputers 9.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px \|Tera 100]]


	'''9. Tera 100:'''		'''9. Tera 100:'''
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	*This supercomputer includes specially designed water-cooled doors, which cut electrical consumption to half when compared with traditional air-cooled ones.		*This supercomputer includes specially designed water-cooled doors, which cut electrical consumption to half when compared with traditional air-cooled ones.
	[[Image:Roadrunner 10.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|IBM Roadrunner]]		[[Image:Roadrunner 10.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|IBM Roadrunner]]


	'''10. IBM Roadrunner:'''		'''10. IBM Roadrunner:'''

Akswain: /* External links */

2013-02-21T00:04:49Z

External links

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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	1.[http://expertiza~~.csc~~.ncsu.edu~~/wiki~~/index.php/~~1.1~~ Previous wiki]		1.[http://wiki.expertiza.ncsu.edu/index.php/CSC/ECE_506_Spring_2012/1a_ry Previous wiki]

	2.[http://www.netlib.org/benchmark/top500/reports/report93/section2_12_3.html Japan History]		2.[http://www.netlib.org/benchmark/top500/reports/report93/section2_12_3.html Japan History]

Agirish: /* UNICOS */

2013-02-15T02:05:48Z

UNICOS

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	====UNICOS====		====UNICOS====

	UNICOS is the name of a range of Unix-like operating system variants developed by Cray for its supercomputers. UNICOS is the successor of the Cray Operating System (COS). It provides network clustering and source code compatibility layers for some other Unixes. UNICOS was originally introduced in 1985 with the Cray-2 system and later ported to other Cray models. The original UNICOS was based on UNIX System V Release 2, and had numerous BSD features (e.g., networking and file system enhancements) added to it. UNICOS dominated on supercomputer in 1993 in the sense that 188 out of 500 supercomputers then were running UNICOS. Of course one of the reason is that Cray Inc. was the largest supercomputer vendor at that time(40% supercomputers were from Cray Inc.). As more and more other companies entered the market UNICOS's partition dropped with its share of hardware market. After 2000, Cray began to use linux and even Windows HPC to run on their machine and at the same time UNICOS is walking out of supercomputer.		UNICOS is the name of a range of Unix-like operating system variants developed by Cray for its supercomputers. UNICOS is the successor of the Cray Operating System (COS). It provides network clustering and source code compatibility layers for some other Unixes. UNICOS was originally introduced in 1985 with the Cray-2 system and later ported to other Cray models. The original UNICOS was based on UNIX System V Release 2, and had numerous BSD features (e.g., networking and file system enhancements) added to it. UNICOS dominated on supercomputer in 1993 in the sense that 188 out of 500 supercomputers then were running UNICOS. Of course one of the reason is that Cray Inc. was the largest supercomputer vendor at that time (40% supercomputers were from Cray Inc.). As more and more other companies entered the market UNICOS's partition dropped with its share of hardware market. After 2000, Cray began to use linux and even Windows HPC to run on their machine and at the same time UNICOS is walking out of supercomputer.

	====Solaris====		====Solaris====

Agirish: /* Operating Systems Trends -- Why Linux? */

2013-02-15T02:04:53Z

Operating Systems Trends -- Why Linux?

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	====Operating Systems Trends -- Why Linux?====		====Operating Systems Trends -- Why Linux?====

	AIX was the operating system for IBM own mainframe, but IBM is a strong proponent for Linux for years now. When IBM started its Blue Gene series of supercomputers back in 2002 it chose Linux as its operating system. The following quote from Bill Pulleyblank of IBM Research nicely sums up why IBM and many other vendors have chosen Linux: ''"We chose Linux because ~~it’s~~ open and because we believed it could be extended to run a computer the size of Blue Gene. We saw considerable advantage in using an operating system supported by the open-source community, so that we can get their input and feedback".''		AIX was the operating system for IBM own mainframe, but IBM is a strong proponent for Linux for years now. When IBM started its Blue Gene series of supercomputers back in 2002 it chose Linux as its operating system. The following quote from Bill Pulleyblank of IBM Research nicely sums up why IBM and many other vendors have chosen Linux: ''"We chose Linux because its open and because we believed it could be extended to run a computer the size of Blue Gene. We saw considerable advantage in using an operating system supported by the open-source community, so that we can get their input and feedback".''

	In short, it looks like Linux has conquered the supercomputer market almost completely. Linux outguns popular Unix operating systems like AIX and Solaris from Sun Microsystems because those systems contain features that make them great for commercial users but add a lot of system overhead that ends up limiting overall performance. Here comes one example: a "virtualization" feature in AIX lets many applications share the same processor but just hammers performance. Linus Torvalds says that Linux has caught on in part because while typical Unix versions run on only one or two hardware architectures, Linux runs on more than 20 different hardware architectures including machines based on Intel microprocessors as well as RISC-based computers from IBM and HP. Linux is easy to get, has no licensing costs, has all the infrastructure in place, and runs on pretty much every single relevant piece of hardware out there.		In short, it looks like Linux has conquered the supercomputer market almost completely. Linux outguns popular Unix operating systems like AIX and Solaris from Sun Microsystems because those systems contain features that make them great for commercial users but add a lot of system overhead that ends up limiting overall performance. Here comes one example: a "virtualization" feature in AIX lets many applications share the same processor but just hammers performance. Linus Torvalds says that Linux has caught on in part because while typical Unix versions run on only one or two hardware architectures, Linux runs on more than 20 different hardware architectures including machines based on Intel microprocessors as well as RISC-based computers from IBM and HP. Linux is easy to get, has no licensing costs, has all the infrastructure in place, and runs on pretty much every single relevant piece of hardware out there.

Agirish: /* Infiniband as an emerging interconnect technologyhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/111909-infiniband-top-500-supercomputers.html */

2013-02-15T02:04:30Z

Infiniband as an emerging interconnect technologyhttp://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/111909-infiniband-top-500-supercomputers.html

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	InfiniBand-based clusters are charging up the Top 500 supercomputer list with 182 systems, including 63 of the top 100 and five of the top 10 now based on the high-speed interconnect. Gigabit Ethernet still dominates the list of the world's 500 fastest supercomputers, with 258 machines.		InfiniBand-based clusters are charging up the Top 500 supercomputer list with 182 systems, including 63 of the top 100 and five of the top 10 now based on the high-speed interconnect. Gigabit Ethernet still dominates the list of the world's 500 fastest supercomputers, with 258 machines.

	InfiniBand, an interconnect for servers, storage and networking, "has really found its place in high-performance computing and we're starting to see that transcend into the enterprise," says Brian Sparks, director of marketing for Mellanox Technologies and a member of IBTA. "~~It's~~ the only growing standard interconnect on the list. When you look at all the really large-node clusters out there, the ones reaching peak performance, the majority are InfiniBand."		InfiniBand, an interconnect for servers, storage and networking, "has really found its place in high-performance computing and we're starting to see that transcend into the enterprise," says Brian Sparks, director of marketing for Mellanox Technologies and a member of IBTA. "Its the only growing standard interconnect on the list. When you look at all the really large-node clusters out there, the ones reaching peak performance, the majority are InfiniBand."

	InfiniBand's presence on the Top 500 list, the latest version of which was announced this week, has grown 28% since November. Just four years ago, only 3% of the Top 500 supercomputers used InfiniBand. The technology's growth has come mainly at the expense of Myrinet, an interconnect designed by Myricom that used to hold a substantial portion of the Top 500.		InfiniBand's presence on the Top 500 list, the latest version of which was announced this week, has grown 28% since November. Just four years ago, only 3% of the Top 500 supercomputers used InfiniBand. The technology's growth has come mainly at the expense of Myrinet, an interconnect designed by Myricom that used to hold a substantial portion of the Top 500.

Agirish at 02:02, 15 February 2013

2013-02-15T02:02:51Z

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	~~The~~ link ~~below~~ shows the Historical Timeline of Cray in the field of Supercomputers.		This link shows the Historical Timeline of Cray in the field of Supercomputers:
	[http://www.cray.com/Assets/PDF/about/CrayTimeline.pdf Historical Timeline of Cray].		[http://www.cray.com/Assets/PDF/about/CrayTimeline.pdf Historical Timeline of Cray].

Agirish at 02:01, 15 February 2013

2013-02-15T02:01:35Z

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 The link below shows the Historical Timeline of Cray in the field of Supercomputers.
 [http://www.cray.com/Assets/PDF/about/CrayTimeline.pdf Historical Timeline of Cray].
 === Supercomputer History in Japan<ref>http://www.versionone.com/Agile101/Methodologies.asp </ref> ===
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 Link showing the statistics of top 500 supercomputer
 [http://www.top500.org/static/lists/2009/11/top500_statistics.pdf statistics]
 == Current Top Supercomputers<ref>http://http://www.top500.org</ref>==

Agirish: /* Supercomputer History in Japanhttp://www.versionone.com/Agile101/Methodologies.asp */

2013-02-15T01:58:29Z

Supercomputer History in Japanhttp://www.versionone.com/Agile101/Methodologies.asp

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	=== Supercomputer History in Japan<ref>http://www.versionone.com/Agile101/Methodologies.asp </ref> ===		=== Supercomputer History in Japan<ref>http://www.versionone.com/Agile101/Methodologies.asp </ref> ===

	In the beginning there were only a few Cray-1s installed in Japan, and until ~~1983~~ no Japanese company produced supercomputers. The first models were announced in 1983. ~~Naturally~~ there had been prototypes ~~earlier~~ like the ~~[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Fujitsu ~~Fujitsu]~~ F230-75 APU produced in two copies in 1978, ~~but~~ Fujitsu's VP-200 and Hitachi's S-810 ~~were~~ the ~~first officially announced versions.~~ NEC ~~announced its~~ SX ~~series slightly later~~.		In the beginning there were only a few Cray-1s installed in Japan, and until 1982 no Japanese company produced supercomputers. The first models were announced in 1983. Though, there had been prototypes like the Fujitsu F230-75 APU produced in two copies in 1978, Fujitsu announced VP-100 and VP-200 in July 1982 and these two models differed primarily in clock rates. The Fujitsu VP-200 was the first of the three initial Japanese commercial supercomputers, followed by the Hitachi HITAC S-810 in August 1982 and the NEC SX-2 in April 1983.

	The last decade has rather been a surprise. About three generations of machines have been produced by each of the domestic manufacturers. During the last ten years about 300 supercomputer systems have been shipped and installed in Japan, and a whole infrastructure of supercomputing has been established. All major universities, many of the large industrial companies and research centers have supercomputers.		The last decade has rather been a surprise. About three generations of machines have been produced by each of the domestic manufacturers. During the last ten years about 300 supercomputer systems have been shipped and installed in Japan, and a whole infrastructure of supercomputing has been established. All major universities, many of the large industrial companies and research centers have supercomputers.

Agirish: /* Cray History http://www.cray.com/Assets/PDF/about/CrayTimeline.pdf */

2013-02-15T01:56:27Z

Cray History http://www.cray.com/Assets/PDF/about/CrayTimeline.pdf

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	In order to concentrate his efforts more on the design, Cray left the CEO position in 1980 and became an independent contractor. Later he worked on the follow-on to the Cray-1, another group within the company developed the first multiprocessor supercomputer, the Cray X-MP, which was introduced in 1982. The Cray-2 system made its debut in 1985, providing a tenfold increase in performance over the Cray-1. In 1988, Cray Y-MP was introduced, the world's first supercomputer to sustain over 1 gigaflop on many applications. Multiple 333 MFLOPS processors powered the system speeds of up-to 2.3 gigaflops.		In order to concentrate his efforts more on the design, Cray left the CEO position in 1980 and became an independent contractor. Later he worked on the follow-on to the Cray-1, another group within the company developed the first multiprocessor supercomputer, the Cray X-MP, which was introduced in 1982. The Cray-2 system made its debut in 1985, providing a tenfold increase in performance over the Cray-1. In 1988, Cray Y-MP was introduced, the world's first supercomputer to sustain over 1 gigaflop on many applications. Multiple 333 MFLOPS processors powered the system speeds of up-to 2.3 gigaflops.

	Always a visionary, Seymour Cray had been exploring the use of gallium arsenide in creating a semiconductor faster than silicon. However, the costs and complexities of this material made it difficult for the company to support both the Cray-3 and the Cray C90 development efforts. In 1989, Cray Research spun off the Cray-3 project into a separate company, Cray Computer Corporation, headed by Seymour Cray and based in Colorado Springs, Colorado~~. Tragically, Seymour Cray died in September 1996 at the age of 71~~.		Always a visionary, Seymour Cray had been exploring the use of gallium arsenide in creating a semiconductor faster than silicon. However, the costs and complexities of this material made it difficult for the company to support both the Cray-3 and the Cray C90 development efforts. In 1989, Cray Research spun off the Cray-3 project into a separate company, Cray Computer Corporation, headed by Seymour Cray and based in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

	The 1990s brought a number of transformations to Cray Research. The company continued its leadership in providing the most powerful supercomputers for production applications. The Cray C90 featured a new central processor which produced a performance of 1 gigaflop. Using 16 of these powerful processors and 256 million words of central memory, the system boasted of amazing total performance. The company also produced its first "mini-supercomputer," the Cray XMS system, followed by the Cray Y-MP EL series and the subsequent Cray J90. In 1993, it offered the first [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massively_parallel_computing&redirect=no massively parallel processing] (MPP) system, the Cray T3D supercomputer, and quickly captured MPP market leadership from early MPP companies such as Thinking Machines and MasPar. The Cray T3D proved to be exceptionally robust, reliable, sharable and easy-to-administer, compared with competing MPP systems.		The 1990s brought a number of transformations to Cray Research. The company continued its leadership in providing the most powerful supercomputers for production applications. The Cray C90 featured a new central processor which produced a performance of 1 gigaflop. Using 16 of these powerful processors and 256 million words of central memory, the system boasted of amazing total performance. The company also produced its first "mini-supercomputer," the Cray XMS system, followed by the Cray Y-MP EL series and the subsequent Cray J90. In 1993, it offered the first [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massively_parallel_computing&redirect=no massively parallel processing] (MPP) system, the Cray T3D supercomputer, and quickly captured MPP market leadership from early MPP companies such as Thinking Machines and MasPar. The Cray T3D proved to be exceptionally robust, reliable, sharable and easy-to-administer, compared with competing MPP systems.
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	Cray Research merged with SGI (Silicon Graphics, Inc.) in February 1996 then the company was renamed Cray Inc. and the ticker symbol was changed to CRAY. In August 1999, SGI created a separate Cray Research business unit to focus completely and exclusively on the unique requirements of high-end supercomputing customers. Assets of this business unit were sold to Tera Computer Company in March 2000. Tera began software development for the Multithreaded Architecture (MTA) systems in 1988 and hardware design commenced in 1991. The Cray MTA-2 system provides scalable shared memory, in which every processor has equal access to every memory location, which greatly simplifies the programming because it eliminates concerns about the layout of memory.Company received its first order for the MTA from the San Diego Supercomputer Center. The multiprocessor system was accepted by the center in 1998, and has since been upgraded to eight processors.		Cray Research merged with SGI (Silicon Graphics, Inc.) in February 1996 then the company was renamed Cray Inc. and the ticker symbol was changed to CRAY. In August 1999, SGI created a separate Cray Research business unit to focus completely and exclusively on the unique requirements of high-end supercomputing customers. Assets of this business unit were sold to Tera Computer Company in March 2000. Tera began software development for the Multithreaded Architecture (MTA) systems in 1988 and hardware design commenced in 1991. The Cray MTA-2 system provides scalable shared memory, in which every processor has equal access to every memory location, which greatly simplifies the programming because it eliminates concerns about the layout of memory.Company received its first order for the MTA from the San Diego Supercomputer Center. The multiprocessor system was accepted by the center in 1998, and has since been upgraded to eight processors.

			In 2000, the Tera MTA system was relaunched as the Cray MTA-2 after merging with Tera which did not do well commercially. In 2001, another unsuccessful campaign was the NEC SX- supercomputer named as Cray SX-6 which got exclusive rights to be sold in the USA, Canada and Mexico. Following this in 2002, Cray Inc. announced the Cray X1 combined architecture vector / MPP supercomputer, first system with 51 teraflops peak performance and by November 2004, the Cray X1 had a maximum measured performance of 5.9 teraflops, being the 29th fastest supercomputer in the world. Since then the X1 has been superseded by XD1, XT3 and X1E, with faster dual-core processors. Also in the same year, Cray came up with the Red Storm system for Sandia National Laboratories. Red Storm was to become the jumping-off point for a string of successful products that eventually revitalized Cray in supercomputing. This comprised of an innovative design for network interconnects by the name of SeaStar.

			In 2006, Cray launched XT4 which had an added support for DDR2 and future quad-core Opteron processors memory. This was followed by the massively multi-threaded Cray XMT supercomputer which used SeaStar2 as the networks interconnect during mid November in the same year. In 2008, the partnership of Intel and Cray announced their first joint venture, the Cray X1 system which was a deskside blade server system with up to 16 dual- or quad-core Intel Xeon processors, with either Microsoft Windows HPC Server 2008 or Red Hat Enterprise Linux installed.

			In 2009, the Cray XT5 system was named as the world’s fastest supercomputer on TOP500 list. It also introduces the Cray XT6 supercomputer series in the same year. In early 2010, Cray also introduced the Cray CX1000, a rack-mounted system with a choice of compute-based, GPU-based, or SMP-based chassis. Further in May same year, Cray XE6 supercomputer was released which had a new interconnect by the name of Gemini.

			In 2011, Cray announced the Cray XK6 hybrid supercomputer. The Cray XK6 system, capable of scaling to 500,000 processors and 50 petaflops of peak performance, combines Cray's Gemini interconnect, AMD's multi-core scalar processors, and NVIDIA's Tesla GPGPU processors.


	The link below shows the Historical Timeline of Cray in the field of Supercomputers.		The link below shows the Historical Timeline of Cray in the field of Supercomputers.