View source for CSC 517 Fall 2010/ch3 n S30

== Introduction ==

When we think of object oriented programming, the Inheritance feature attracts our attention. However, there are many other alternatives to the traditional inheritance such as Delegation, Message Forwarding and decomposition. In this article, we will explore more about these three alternatives and compare with classic inheritance concept.

== Inheritance ==

Inheritance is a powerful concept in object oriented programming which allows code reusability. In this the functionality of the base class can be inherited by its subclasses. At the same time subclass can have its own functionality.

There two type inheritance  

'''Single Inheritance'''

This property restricts that a class can only inherit from one class.  Java and Ruby are examples of object-oriented languages that have single inheritance.

'''Multiple Inheritance'''

This property allows a single class to inherit functionality from multiple classes. C++ allows Multiple Inheritance, however, the major drawback of this property is that it leads to the classical [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_problem Diamond Multiple Inheritance Problem]. 
 
The concept of Inheritance can be better explained with a code in Ruby. 
In ruby we have single Inheritance. 

''Example in Ruby''

<pre>
class Animal
def sleep
 puts " I want to sleep "
 end
end

class Herbivorous < Animal
def eat
 puts " I want to eat plants "
end
 end
</pre>

''Code execution''

<pre>
MyAnimal = Herbivorous.new
MyAnimal.sleep  #I want to sleep

MyAnimal.eat #I want to eat plants
</pre>

Here the class Herbivorous inherits the class Animal. So when we create an object of the Herbivorous class we are able to inherit methods from the Animal class. Here is the simple UML diagram to explain inheritance.

[[Image:Inheritance-s30.jpg|frame|center|UML diagram for inheritance]]

'''When to use inheritance'''

*Inheritance is used when there is an IS-A relationship between two classes. For example, Herbivorous is-an Animal.

*When code re-usability is desired.

*Inheritance is used when sub categories can be created from complex class.

== Delegation ==

As the word suggest, delegation means assign the task to some other entity. In object oriented programming terminology it an be explained as, process of implementation of one method to other method in different class. Delegation is also called as dynamic inheritance.

When two objects are not of the same type, let’s say there are two objects A and B, A has some method and attributes, which B is interested in using. Then, using delegation technique,
This mechanism can be suitable where we have to decide at run time based on the user input, which functionality needs to be executed.

''Code example in Ruby''

<pre>
module Airplane
  def motion
    raise NotImplementedError.new
  end
 end

class Wheel
  include Airplane
  def motion
    puts " Performs circular motion."
  end
end

class Wing
  include Airplane
 
  def motion
    puts "Performs Vertical motion"
  end
end
  
class AirplaneActivity
  include Airplane
  def initialize
    @var = Wing.new
  end
 
  def motion
    @var.motion
  end
  
  def setWing
    @var = Wing.new
  end
  def setWheel
    @var = Wheel.new
 end
end
</pre>

Call
<pre>

obj = AirplaneActivity.new
obj.motion	# output => "Performs Vertical motion"
obj.setWheel	# create new object of Wheel class
obj.motion	# output => "Performs Circular motion"

</pre>

[[Image:DelegationUML-s30.jpg|frame|center|UML diagram for delegation]]

'''Delegation Vs. Inheritance'''

* Delegation is used when there is HAS-A relationship between two object. For example, Airplane has engine and wings. Relationship between all these three classes depict the HAS-A relationship. Based on which activity to be monitored, corresponding motion() method is invoked. This is not the case with the inheritance, to get the slightly different functionality, we have to over write the existing method.

* Delegation should be used when there the two objects are of the different type but has some what similar functionality. 

* Delegation can be used where components that behave identically, but this situation may change over the time.

* Delegation leverage loose coupling in the components and hence the alteration of one component does not affect the system much. In the inheritance, on the other hand, there is a tight coupling between parent class and its children hence modification in parents functionality may lead logical error in all its children. 

* Delegation is sometimes called as dynamic inheritance as the binding happens at run time. In the above example, based on the object, corresponding methods are invoke. This not the case with inheritance as its is determined at the compile time. 


'''Pitfalls of delegation''' 

*One of the  of delegation is, it increases the code size as compared to inheritance. In above code also we have written one interface and three classes to make delegation work.

 
== Message Forwarding ==

In object oriented programming, message forwarding is one of the most powerful techniques. In this, when a message is sent to an object and if that object does not process that particular method, then instead of displaying error, receiving object gets a second chance to process a message.  

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk SmallTalk] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective-C Objective-C] supports this mechanism. 

Let’s look at the simple example for message forwarding. Lets say we have two classes ‘Nurse’ and ‘Doctor’.

[[Image:Msgfws30.jpg|frame|center|Message forwarding ]]

In the above example, when the message for ‘operate’ comes to the Nurse, it does not handle that messages as ‘Nurse don’t do operations alone and has to be done by doctor.’ Hence instead of giving a error, it forwards that message along with input parameters to the ‘Doctor’ object.  Doctor object handles the operate method and return the response to the Nurse object. From the abstract view, it appears that Nurse object is only handling the message but in real, Doctor’s object working on it. Message forwarding simulates multiple inheritances in object oriented programming as object that forwards message can inherits method from its super class and the class where it is forwarding the method. In other words, Nurse inherits functionality from its super class and Doctor class.

For selection of different objects to forward the message, observer design pattern is used. Languages like [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective-C objective-C] have extensive support for message forwarding. To implement this, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_pattern observer design pattern] is used.
There are four parts to a message: a receiver object, a method name, optional method arguments, and an optional return value are to be handled.

''Code example – objective -C''

<pre>

id newObject;                                 // could be any object;
  newObject = [[NewObject alloc] init];       // create and initialize the object
  [newObject doSomethingWith: anotherObject]; // send it a message.


- (void) forwardInvocation: (NSInvocation*)anInvocation
{
  if ([anObject respondsToSelector: [anInvocation selector]])
    return [anInvocation invokeWithTarget: anObject];
  else
    return [self doesNotRecognizeSelector: [anInvocation selector]];
}
</pre>

Message forwarding can also be simulated from other objected oriented languages. 

''Example using JavaScript''

<pre>

// This code will instantiated object 'receiver' 
// and call method 'receivingFunction'

var  receiver = new someClass();
m(receiver, 'receivingFunction', someArgument);

// object implements 'forwardInvocation' to send the message 
// to next object.

var class1 = new Class({
    forwardInvocation: function(){
        return object2;          // Forwarding
    }
});

var class2 = new Class({
    forwardInvocation: function(){
        return object3;         // Forwarding
    }
});

var class3 = new Class({
    receivingFunction: function(){
        return 'Message received.' //Actual message
    }
});

object1 = new class1();
object2 = new class2();
object3 = new class3();

alert(m(object1, 'receivingFunction'));
</pre>

In the above code, alert message will send a message to obejct1 for handling 'receivingFunction'. As object1 does not handle it, it will send message to object2 and so on till actual function gets called. To this we have to implement 'forwardInvocation' method for forwarding the message.

This code is referred from [http://return42.blogspot.com/2009/07/smalltalk-like-message-passing-in.html this] article. 

'''Message forwarding Vs. Inheritance'''

* Message forwarding is leverage the functionality of reusing the code of some other class.  This functionality cannot be implemented using inheritance as code reuse is done only in the inheritance hierarchy and not beyond that.

*Compared to inheritance, message forwarding provides privilege of loosely coupled design as the different objects can communicate via exchange of massages. In inheritance, there is always a tight coupling .

* This helps data to be sent to objects of different classes in a very efficient manner. Languages like objective –C or SmallTalk have specific methods to implement this. Also  message forwarding can be simulated with other object oriented languages like Java , Ruby and many more.

* The change of a state in one object must be reflected in another object without keeping the objects tight coupled.

* In inheritance, if we want custom implementation, then we have to override the method to provide new functionality. In this we cannot change the method prototype.  If user wants to change prototype of the method, then all the overridden methods have to change the prototypes. In contrast to that, with the help of message forwarding, we can avoid this situation as the messages are getting passed to other object, hence no dependencies.

'''Pitfalls in Message forwarding'''

*In message forwarding, each argument have to allocate extra memory, however in inheritance, as derived class object at call of it parent object only reference to the arguments are passed. As an example, if a big string (around 2000 characters) to be passed as an argument, that much memory has to be allocated.  However, in inheritance as all the objects are tightly coupled, sending the object reference is enough. 
 
== Decomposition ==

Decomposition follows the divide and conquer strategy which help to solve any complex problem.  In object oriented terminology, it is a method of breaking down bigger problem or system into smaller classes and object which gives clear understanding of its functionality. The different part after decomposition of the systems interacts with each other through well defined interfaces.

In non-object oriented languages such as C, the large systems can be broken down by writing different functions. This is called as functional decomposition. however due to different functions there is tight coupling between all the methods. Hence,if the implementation of one of the function changes, all the other functions which are dependent on this function also need to changed. 

To avoid this problem, Decomposition in object-oriented OOP design is preferred. In this, we create well defined objects, who interacts with each other through well defined interfaces. If the implementation in one of the object changes then, only two objects between which the interaction takes place needs to be changed. In sum, due to changes in one of the objects we do not affect a larger portion of the system.

[[Image:Decompose-s30.jpg|frame|center|Decomposition]]

For better understanding lets consider the above airplane system example. The airplane consists of wheel, wings, propellers, cockpit, etc.In Object Oriented Decomposition we create objects of these classes. Also we create an object Controller which interacts with all these objects and is responsible for the overall functioning the system. Now if there is a problem with the wheel, this does not affect the functionality of other objects. Only the central controller and the wheel need to implement the necessary changes. This does not affect the functionality of other objects.

'''Inheritance vs Decomposition'''

*In object oriented programming multiple inheritances plays an important role. Languages like C++ allowed multiple inheritances. In the industries, to implement large systems this property is used frequently. However due to well known diamond problem for multiple inheritances and complex hierarchy of the classes programmers finds less visibility of the functionality in inheritance tree. Hence decomposition is considered as a solution to these problems. To solve these issues many researchers such are working on finding reliable algorithms to decompose the large inheritance based hierarchical systems. M. Habib, M. Huchard  and J. Spinrad have covered this aspects in their paper named [http://www.springerlink.com/content/v3384m611187nl12/ A Linear Algorithm To Decompose Inheritance Graphs Into Modules]

*In Inheritance we need to define methods in the Super class which can be used by the objects in sub class. This can be achieved by using the extends functionality in Java. Where as in the case of Decomposition, the objects define their own methods. So there is minimal dependency between the interacting objects.

*When the system is huge and the depth hierarchy tree is large, decomposition should be used. 

*When we want the components of the system to be loosely coupled. Changes made in one module should not affect the other module. On the other hand, inheritance bind two different classes so that change in one module brake down most of the system. 


== Conclusion ==

Inheritance plays a vital role in object oriented programming to design more structured and reliable system. However there are always some cases where inheritance is not a suitable.  option. This article summarizes some of the alternatives to the traditional inheritance. Also we get a guidance as when to use inheritance and when to consider different alternatives.
== References ==
Object Oriented Development by Grady Booch - http://www.ics.uci.edu/~taylor/classes/121/BoochOOD003.pdf

Delegation (programming) -  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegation_%28programming%29

API documentation for Objective-C - http://www.gnustep.org/resources/documentation/Developer/Base/Reference/NSObject.html

objective-C - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective-C

Decomposition - http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/webservices/library/ar-soastyle/

Inheritance Decomposition - http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ZBD2m59qHwAJ:citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.18.5919%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf+how+decomposition+different+from+inheritance&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiHZoBFqdjGQoILsWPxCHtb00v-tz9QVtbGoOqRoREyg_azI4lBKIre580fip6A9SkrHwqJS73wn6Kui6yVKBbMdw92V7TZG9o0dUqcuyDIooo3TWd5FjpMm-NbWpG1rWnBRs9d&sig=AHIEtbRhwcoNvb0wbt4DCKPoG4xHyslzow

Two object oriented decomposition methods, by V Rajlich 1988 http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=339990

Decomposition/Generalization Methods for Object Oriented Programming by Vaclav Rajlich J. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=179804