Expertiza_Wiki - User contributions [en]

CSC 379 SUM2008:Week 5, Group 4

2008-08-08T21:59:23Z

Rbwilli2: /* Decision Support Systems */

== Decision Support Systems ==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_systems Decision Support Systems (DSS)] are computer-based information systems that aid in decision making. Ideally, a DSS is a piece of interactive software that provides raw data, documents, knowledge, and/or business models to make decisions or aid in a decision making process.

The different classifications of Decision Support Systems include:
*Model-Driven - emphasizes access to and manipulation of a type of model.
*Communications-Driven - includes more than one person working together.
*Data-Driven - emphasizes access to and manipulation of internal-company data or other external data.
*Document-Driven - emphasizes access to and manipulation of unstructured data in varying electronic formats.
*Knowledge-Driven - provides specialized information and problem-solving expertise.

===DSS in the Military===
[CJ]
===DSS in Health Care===
Decision support has been around for years for the health care industry in the form of the [http://www.pdr.net/login/Login.aspx Physicians' Desk Reference] (PDR). The PDR is a tool that doctors can use to look up treatment options to certain situations. The PDR has recently become electronic, allowing doctors to have the PDR on their hand held devices. Some health systems are using AI systems to help make diagnosis. You can find a full list here: [http://www.openclinical.org/aisinpracticeDSS.html]. DSS's are a great way for a hospital to ensure the quality of care by being able to monitor treatment and compare it to the expected treatment for a patient. Another way it assists is to speed up work flow by putting doctors on the right track faster.

People who are against DSS in health care say that a computer cannot process all of the complicated issues that go into treating a patient. There are several issues to take into account when treating a patient including finances and religious beliefs. Another reason that people are wary of clinical DSS is that the data behind the systems is not always accurate. Medical science changes often and the data that backs a DSS needs to be updated and verified on a constant basis. Also it is unknown where the sources of this data is. Recently the PDR came under attack for using information about drugs that were still in an experimental phase [http://www.openclinical.org/aisinpracticeDSS.html].

===Other applications===
Additionally, Decision Support Systems can be utilized in a large number of other disciplines. Some of the other uses include banking, economics, business and management, agriculture, and transit. However, DSSs can be applied to any situation that needs organization and decision making.

===Assignment definition===
As we become more willing to incorporate more complex software into our daily lives, we are able to solve problems with fewer people and less complex organizational structures. To allow one person to take the place of a decision group, decision-support systems have been developed. These systems distill expert knowledge and present it to the individual. Many decision-support systems are in use in medicine, to guide diagnoses, recommend treatments to practitioners, and assist with risk-assessment of procedures. Software also helps forestall medical emergencies through patient monitoring. In the military, decision support systems are everywhere, from the fast-paced environment of a fighter-jet cockpit to command-and-control centers. Other decision-support systems are used in business and government.

It is easy to see how decision-support systems could cause harm, as well as prevent it. Examine the ethical considerations raised in the design and use of decision-support systems (in general). What, if any ethical responsibilities apply to the software engineer in development of a decision-support system where errors in its design or use could result in serious harm? If a decision-support system is shown to reduce harm, improve quality of life, or otherwise provide a net-benefit to its users (fewer medical errors, battleground casualties, reduced costs of providing an essential public service, etc.), is it unethical to resist its adoption? Please explain your answers.

* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_system
* http://www.openclinical.org/clinical.html
* http://www.cioinsight.com/c/a/Past-Opinions/DecisionSupport-Systems-Lessons-from-the-Military/

Law

2008-08-08T21:03:12Z

Rbwilli2: /* Study Guide */

==Study Guide==
===Copyrights===
A copyright is a law (title 17, U.S. Code) that protects the authors of "original works of authorship." A few of the items protected include literary, musical, artistic, dramatic and other intellectual works. Published and unpublished works are covered by this law. Exclusive rights are given to the owner under Section 106 of the 1976 Copyright Act. Copyrights are registered by the Copyright Office of the Library of Congress.
===Patents===
For an invention, a patent is the grant of a property right to the inventor. The term of a new patent is 20 years from the date on which the application for the patent was filed in the US or, from the date an earlier related application was filed. This is also subject to the payment of maintenance fees. US patent grants are only effective within the US. The owner of a patent has "the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling" the invention in the US or "importing" the invention into the US. The patent grants only the right to "exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing the invention." A patent is issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.
===Trademarks===
A trademark, is "a word, name, symbol or device which is used in trade with goods to indicate the source of the goods and to distinguish them from the goods of others." A trademark does not identify or distinguish the source of a service. Trademark rights only prevent others from using a similar mark. A trademark does not prevent others from producing the same goods or from selling the same goods or services under a clearly different mark.
===Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act===
Signed in 1998, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Bono_Copyright_Term_Extension_Act act] lengthened the Copyright term by 20 years. The act extended the time before works would enter public domain, but did not revive copyright that had expired. The act extended the period after the author's death from 50 to 70 years for personal copyrights. For corporate copyrights, it extended the term from 75 to 120 years after creation or 95 years after publication, whichever was sooner. The act was nicknamed the "Mickey Mouse Protection Act" because of Disney's considerable lobbying efforts.

Proponents state that the term needed to be lengthened because of life expectancy increases since the original [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790 Copyright Act of 1790]. They also contend that technology allowing for repeat viewings, like DVD and cable, allow for greater value and commercial lifetime of works.

Opponents consider the act unconstitutional, but have failed to have it overturned. They argue that most works gather the majority of their income within the first few years. They also point out that Patent terms are still only 20 years, yet adequately reward investment.
===WIPO Copyright Treaty===
The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization World Intellectual Property Organization] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty Copyright Treaty] was an international treaty signed in 1996 that provided additional protection for copyright due to the advancement in technology. It provides protection for necessary copyright in knowledge monopoly dependent industries. Critics say that the treaty is too broad, especially considering the differing economic statuses of the countries involved.

==Additional Resources==
===What are Copyrights, Patents, & Trade Secrets?===
*[http://www.uspto.gov/ The only official web site for the United States Patent and Trademark Office] ''U.S. Patent and Trademark Office''
*[http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/ United States Copyright Office] ''The Library of Congress''
*[http://www.ladas.com/Patents/Computer/Copyright.USA.html Ladas & Parry guide to statutory protection for computer software in the United States: copyright protection] ''Ladas & Parry''
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/trdscrt.htm Trade secret protection] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/copr.htm Copyrighting software] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://jiplp.oxfordjournals.org/ Journal of Intellectual property law & practice] ''Oxford Journals''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Standards/Standards.html Standards As intellectual property: an economic approach] David Friendman

===Proposed Legislation===
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2008/07/senators-announce-new-intellectual-property-enforc Senators announce new intellectual-property enforcement bill] ''Electronic Frontier Foundation''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s110-3325 S 3325] Sen. Patrick Leahy [D-VT]

===Against Copyrights and Patents===
*[http://www.wipo.net/ World Intellectual Property Organization] Dr. Kamil Idris
*[http://www.kuesterlaw.com/ Copyright, patent, trade secret and technology bills in U.S. Congress] Jeffrey R. Kuester
===For Copyrights and Patents===
*[http://ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html A primer on the ethics of "intellectual property"] Ram Samudrala
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/trdscrt.htm Trade secret protection] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
===Important Cases===
*[http://robotics.caltech.edu/%7Egoodwine/lotus_v_borland.html The Lotus v. Borland case] Bill Goldwine
*[http://www.law.emory.edu/fedcircuit/feb2001/00-1109.wp.html Amazon.com v. BarnesAndNoble.com - February 14, 2001 - Federal circuit vacating PI for "One-Click" patent]
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://law.richmond.edu/jolt/v1i1/myers.html Apple v. Microsoft] Joseph Myers, ''Richmond Journal of Law & Technology''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_v._International_Business_Machines_Corp._et_al. Wallace v. International Business Machines] ''Wikipedia''

==Existing Page==
*[http://ethics.csc.ncsu.edu/intellectual/law/ Intellectual Property Law]
*[http://pg-server.csc.ncsu.edu/mediawiki/index.php/CSC_379_SUM2008:Topics#Intellectual_Property_Law Topic Description]

Law

2008-08-08T20:51:29Z

Rbwilli2: /* Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act */

==Study Guide==
===Copyrights===
A copyright is a law (title 17, U.S. Code) that protects the authors of "original works of authorship." A few of the items protected include literary, musical, artistic, dramatic and other intellectual works. Published and unpublished works are covered by this law. Exclusive rights are given to the owner under Section 106 of the 1976 Copyright Act. Copyrights are registered by the Copyright Office of the Library of Congress.
===Patents===
For an invention, a patent is the grant of a property right to the inventor. The term of a new patent is 20 years from the date on which the application for the patent was filed in the US or, from the date an earlier related application was filed. This is also subject to the payment of maintenance fees. US patent grants are only effective within the US. The owner of a patent has "the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling" the invention in the US or "importing" the invention into the US. The patent grants only the right to "exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing the invention." A patent is issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.
===Trademarks===
A trademark, is "a word, name, symbol or device which is used in trade with goods to indicate the source of the goods and to distinguish them from the goods of others." A trademark does not identify or distinguish the source of a service. Trademark rights only prevent others from using a similar mark. A trademark does not prevent others from producing the same goods or from selling the same goods or services under a clearly different mark.
===Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act===
Signed in 1998, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Bono_Copyright_Term_Extension_Act act] lengthened the Copyright term by 20 years. The act extended the time before works would enter public domain, but did not revive copyright that had expired. The act extended the period after the author's death from 50 to 70 years for personal copyrights. For corporate copyrights, it extended the term from 75 to 120 years after creation or 95 years after publication, whichever was sooner. The act was nicknamed the "Mickey Mouse Protection Act" because of Disney's considerable lobbying efforts.

Proponents state that the term needed to be lengthened because of life expectancy increases since the original [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790 Copyright Act of 1790]. They also contend that technology allowing for repeat viewings, like DVD and cable, allow for greater value and commercial lifetime of works.

Opponents consider the act unconstitutional, but have failed to have it overturned. They argue that most works gather the majority of their income within the first few years. They also point out that Patent terms are still only 20 years, yet adequately reward investment.

==Additional Resources==
===What are Copyrights, Patents, & Trade Secrets?===
*[http://www.uspto.gov/ The only official web site for the United States Patent and Trademark Office] ''U.S. Patent and Trademark Office''
*[http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/ United States Copyright Office] ''The Library of Congress''
*[http://www.ladas.com/Patents/Computer/Copyright.USA.html Ladas & Parry guide to statutory protection for computer software in the United States: copyright protection] ''Ladas & Parry''
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/trdscrt.htm Trade secret protection] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/copr.htm Copyrighting software] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://jiplp.oxfordjournals.org/ Journal of Intellectual property law & practice] ''Oxford Journals''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Standards/Standards.html Standards As intellectual property: an economic approach] David Friendman

===Proposed Legislation===
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2008/07/senators-announce-new-intellectual-property-enforc Senators announce new intellectual-property enforcement bill] ''Electronic Frontier Foundation''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s110-3325 S 3325] Sen. Patrick Leahy [D-VT]

===Against Copyrights and Patents===
*[http://www.wipo.net/ World Intellectual Property Organization] Dr. Kamil Idris
*[http://www.kuesterlaw.com/ Copyright, patent, trade secret and technology bills in U.S. Congress] Jeffrey R. Kuester
===For Copyrights and Patents===
*[http://ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html A primer on the ethics of "intellectual property"] Ram Samudrala
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/trdscrt.htm Trade secret protection] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
===Important Cases===
*[http://robotics.caltech.edu/%7Egoodwine/lotus_v_borland.html The Lotus v. Borland case] Bill Goldwine
*[http://www.law.emory.edu/fedcircuit/feb2001/00-1109.wp.html Amazon.com v. BarnesAndNoble.com - February 14, 2001 - Federal circuit vacating PI for "One-Click" patent]
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://law.richmond.edu/jolt/v1i1/myers.html Apple v. Microsoft] Joseph Myers, ''Richmond Journal of Law & Technology''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_v._International_Business_Machines_Corp._et_al. Wallace v. International Business Machines] ''Wikipedia''

==Existing Page==
*[http://ethics.csc.ncsu.edu/intellectual/law/ Intellectual Property Law]
*[http://pg-server.csc.ncsu.edu/mediawiki/index.php/CSC_379_SUM2008:Topics#Intellectual_Property_Law Topic Description]

Law

2008-08-08T20:50:23Z

Rbwilli2: /* Study Guide */

==Study Guide==
===Copyrights===
A copyright is a law (title 17, U.S. Code) that protects the authors of "original works of authorship." A few of the items protected include literary, musical, artistic, dramatic and other intellectual works. Published and unpublished works are covered by this law. Exclusive rights are given to the owner under Section 106 of the 1976 Copyright Act. Copyrights are registered by the Copyright Office of the Library of Congress.
===Patents===
For an invention, a patent is the grant of a property right to the inventor. The term of a new patent is 20 years from the date on which the application for the patent was filed in the US or, from the date an earlier related application was filed. This is also subject to the payment of maintenance fees. US patent grants are only effective within the US. The owner of a patent has "the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling" the invention in the US or "importing" the invention into the US. The patent grants only the right to "exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing the invention." A patent is issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.
===Trademarks===
A trademark, is "a word, name, symbol or device which is used in trade with goods to indicate the source of the goods and to distinguish them from the goods of others." A trademark does not identify or distinguish the source of a service. Trademark rights only prevent others from using a similar mark. A trademark does not prevent others from producing the same goods or from selling the same goods or services under a clearly different mark.
===Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act===
Signed in 1998, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Bono_Copyright_Term_Extension_Act act] lengthened the Copyright term by 20 years. The act extended the time before works would enter public domain, but did not revive copyright that had expired. The act extended the period after the author's death from 50 to 70 years for personal copyrights. For corporate copyrights, it extended the term from 75 to 120 years after creation or 95 years after publication, whichever was sooner. The act was nicknamed the "Mickey Mouse Protection Act" because of Disney's considerable lobbying efforts.

Proponents state that the term needed to be lengthened because of life expectancy increases since the original Copyright Act of 1790. They also contend that technology allowing for repeat viewings, like DVD and cable, allow for greater value and commercial lifetime of works.

Opponents consider the act unconstitutional, but have failed to have it overturned. They argue that most works gather the majority of their income within the first few years. They also point out that Patent terms are still only 20 years, yet adequately reward investment.

==Additional Resources==
===What are Copyrights, Patents, & Trade Secrets?===
*[http://www.uspto.gov/ The only official web site for the United States Patent and Trademark Office] ''U.S. Patent and Trademark Office''
*[http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/ United States Copyright Office] ''The Library of Congress''
*[http://www.ladas.com/Patents/Computer/Copyright.USA.html Ladas & Parry guide to statutory protection for computer software in the United States: copyright protection] ''Ladas & Parry''
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/trdscrt.htm Trade secret protection] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/copr.htm Copyrighting software] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://jiplp.oxfordjournals.org/ Journal of Intellectual property law & practice] ''Oxford Journals''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Standards/Standards.html Standards As intellectual property: an economic approach] David Friendman

===Proposed Legislation===
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2008/07/senators-announce-new-intellectual-property-enforc Senators announce new intellectual-property enforcement bill] ''Electronic Frontier Foundation''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s110-3325 S 3325] Sen. Patrick Leahy [D-VT]

===Against Copyrights and Patents===
*[http://www.wipo.net/ World Intellectual Property Organization] Dr. Kamil Idris
*[http://www.kuesterlaw.com/ Copyright, patent, trade secret and technology bills in U.S. Congress] Jeffrey R. Kuester
===For Copyrights and Patents===
*[http://ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html A primer on the ethics of "intellectual property"] Ram Samudrala
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/trdscrt.htm Trade secret protection] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
===Important Cases===
*[http://robotics.caltech.edu/%7Egoodwine/lotus_v_borland.html The Lotus v. Borland case] Bill Goldwine
*[http://www.law.emory.edu/fedcircuit/feb2001/00-1109.wp.html Amazon.com v. BarnesAndNoble.com - February 14, 2001 - Federal circuit vacating PI for "One-Click" patent]
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://law.richmond.edu/jolt/v1i1/myers.html Apple v. Microsoft] Joseph Myers, ''Richmond Journal of Law & Technology''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_v._International_Business_Machines_Corp._et_al. Wallace v. International Business Machines] ''Wikipedia''

==Existing Page==
*[http://ethics.csc.ncsu.edu/intellectual/law/ Intellectual Property Law]
*[http://pg-server.csc.ncsu.edu/mediawiki/index.php/CSC_379_SUM2008:Topics#Intellectual_Property_Law Topic Description]

Law

2008-08-08T20:34:57Z

Rbwilli2: /* Proposed Legislation */

==Study Guide==
===Copyrights===
A copyright is a law (title 17, U.S. Code) that protects the authors of "original works of authorship." A few of the items protected include literary, musical, artistic, dramatic and other intellectual works. Published and unpublished works are covered by this law. Exclusive rights are given to the owner under Section 106 of the 1976 Copyright Act. Copyrights are registered by the Copyright Office of the Library of Congress.
===Patents===
For an invention, a patent is the grant of a property right to the inventor. The term of a new patent is 20 years from the date on which the application for the patent was filed in the US or, from the date an earlier related application was filed. This is also subject to the payment of maintenance fees. US patent grants are only effective within the US. The owner of a patent has "the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling" the invention in the US or "importing" the invention into the US. The patent grants only the right to "exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing the invention." A patent is issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.
===Trademarks===
A trademark, is "a word, name, symbol or device which is used in trade with goods to indicate the source of the goods and to distinguish them from the goods of others." A trademark does not identify or distinguish the source of a service. Trademark rights only prevent others from using a similar mark. A trademark does not prevent others from producing the same goods or from selling the same goods or services under a clearly different mark.
==Additional Resources==
===What are Copyrights, Patents, & Trade Secrets?===
*[http://www.uspto.gov/ The only official web site for the United States Patent and Trademark Office] ''U.S. Patent and Trademark Office''
*[http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/ United States Copyright Office] ''The Library of Congress''
*[http://www.ladas.com/Patents/Computer/Copyright.USA.html Ladas & Parry guide to statutory protection for computer software in the United States: copyright protection] ''Ladas & Parry''
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/trdscrt.htm Trade secret protection] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/copr.htm Copyrighting software] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://jiplp.oxfordjournals.org/ Journal of Intellectual property law & practice] ''Oxford Journals''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Standards/Standards.html Standards As intellectual property: an economic approach] David Friendman

===Proposed Legislation===
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2008/07/senators-announce-new-intellectual-property-enforc Senators announce new intellectual-property enforcement bill] ''Electronic Frontier Foundation''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s110-3325 S 3325] Sen. Patrick Leahy [D-VT]

===Against Copyrights and Patents===
*[http://www.wipo.net/ World Intellectual Property Organization] Dr. Kamil Idris
*[http://www.kuesterlaw.com/ Copyright, patent, trade secret and technology bills in U.S. Congress] Jeffrey R. Kuester
===For Copyrights and Patents===
*[http://ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html A primer on the ethics of "intellectual property"] Ram Samudrala
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/trdscrt.htm Trade secret protection] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
===Important Cases===
*[http://robotics.caltech.edu/%7Egoodwine/lotus_v_borland.html The Lotus v. Borland case] Bill Goldwine
*[http://www.law.emory.edu/fedcircuit/feb2001/00-1109.wp.html Amazon.com v. BarnesAndNoble.com - February 14, 2001 - Federal circuit vacating PI for "One-Click" patent]
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://law.richmond.edu/jolt/v1i1/myers.html Apple v. Microsoft] Joseph Myers, ''Richmond Journal of Law & Technology''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_v._International_Business_Machines_Corp._et_al. Wallace v. International Business Machines] ''Wikipedia''

==Existing Page==
*[http://ethics.csc.ncsu.edu/intellectual/law/ Intellectual Property Law]
*[http://pg-server.csc.ncsu.edu/mediawiki/index.php/CSC_379_SUM2008:Topics#Intellectual_Property_Law Topic Description]

Law

2008-08-08T20:34:23Z

Rbwilli2: /* What are Copyrights, Patents, & Trade Secrets? */

==Study Guide==
===Copyrights===
A copyright is a law (title 17, U.S. Code) that protects the authors of "original works of authorship." A few of the items protected include literary, musical, artistic, dramatic and other intellectual works. Published and unpublished works are covered by this law. Exclusive rights are given to the owner under Section 106 of the 1976 Copyright Act. Copyrights are registered by the Copyright Office of the Library of Congress.
===Patents===
For an invention, a patent is the grant of a property right to the inventor. The term of a new patent is 20 years from the date on which the application for the patent was filed in the US or, from the date an earlier related application was filed. This is also subject to the payment of maintenance fees. US patent grants are only effective within the US. The owner of a patent has "the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling" the invention in the US or "importing" the invention into the US. The patent grants only the right to "exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing the invention." A patent is issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.
===Trademarks===
A trademark, is "a word, name, symbol or device which is used in trade with goods to indicate the source of the goods and to distinguish them from the goods of others." A trademark does not identify or distinguish the source of a service. Trademark rights only prevent others from using a similar mark. A trademark does not prevent others from producing the same goods or from selling the same goods or services under a clearly different mark.
==Additional Resources==
===What are Copyrights, Patents, & Trade Secrets?===
*[http://www.uspto.gov/ The only official web site for the United States Patent and Trademark Office] ''U.S. Patent and Trademark Office''
*[http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/ United States Copyright Office] ''The Library of Congress''
*[http://www.ladas.com/Patents/Computer/Copyright.USA.html Ladas & Parry guide to statutory protection for computer software in the United States: copyright protection] ''Ladas & Parry''
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/trdscrt.htm Trade secret protection] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/copr.htm Copyrighting software] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://jiplp.oxfordjournals.org/ Journal of Intellectual property law & practice] ''Oxford Journals''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Standards/Standards.html Standards As intellectual property: an economic approach] David Friendman

===Proposed Legislation===
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2008/07/senators-announce-new-intellectual-property-enforc senators announce new intellectual-property enforcement bill] ''Electronic Frontier Foundation''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s110-3325 S 3325] Sen. Patrick Leahy [D-VT]

===Against Copyrights and Patents===
*[http://www.wipo.net/ World Intellectual Property Organization] Dr. Kamil Idris
*[http://www.kuesterlaw.com/ Copyright, patent, trade secret and technology bills in U.S. Congress] Jeffrey R. Kuester
===For Copyrights and Patents===
*[http://ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp/copying_primer.html A primer on the ethics of "intellectual property"] Ram Samudrala
*[http://www.himels-computer-law.com/trdscrt.htm Trade secret protection] David B. Himelstein, Attorney at Law
===Important Cases===
*[http://robotics.caltech.edu/%7Egoodwine/lotus_v_borland.html The Lotus v. Borland case] Bill Goldwine
*[http://www.law.emory.edu/fedcircuit/feb2001/00-1109.wp.html Amazon.com v. BarnesAndNoble.com - February 14, 2001 - Federal circuit vacating PI for "One-Click" patent]
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://law.richmond.edu/jolt/v1i1/myers.html Apple v. Microsoft] Joseph Myers, ''Richmond Journal of Law & Technology''
*[[Image:new.gif|New Information]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_v._International_Business_Machines_Corp._et_al. Wallace v. International Business Machines] ''Wikipedia''

==Existing Page==
*[http://ethics.csc.ncsu.edu/intellectual/law/ Intellectual Property Law]
*[http://pg-server.csc.ncsu.edu/mediawiki/index.php/CSC_379_SUM2008:Topics#Intellectual_Property_Law Topic Description]

Law

2008-08-08T20:26:40Z

Rbwilli2: /* Additional Resources */

Law

2008-08-05T02:59:17Z

Rbwilli2: /* Additional Resources */

Law

2008-08-05T02:56:53Z

Rbwilli2: /* Existing Page */

CSC 379 SUM2008:Week 4, Group 2

2008-08-01T17:12:20Z

Rbwilli2: /* History */

==Open Government==
Most bills are passed by legislatures without ever being read by most legislators. Letters, articles, reports, all often never escape the physical mediums (paper) of their existence. Although technology has developed to the point where all non-private information in the United States government can, in theory, be made openly available, the support structures and culture of information sharing has not caught up to make full use of them. Efforts are being made to use digitization and sharing technology; one of the most notable digitization efforts is THOMAS, a joint effort by the Library of Congress and the Government Printing Office (GPO).

Examine the ethical implications of making policy with inadequate access to information, and the efforts being made to address those concerns. Is there a need for a change in existing support structures and culture of information sharing in government? Should support structures and culture change to encourage greater information sharing, if it required the government to slow down decision-making processes?
==History==
Open government is the doctrine that all levels of political administration should be open to public viewing and scrutiny. The origins of which date back to the Enlightenment in Europe in the eighteenth century. More recently, the passing of the [http://www.usdoj.gov/oip/ Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)] in the United States in 1966 is seen as the beginning of a modern movement toward open government. After its passing, several countries have followed suit in the subsequent decades.

The FOIA allows for complete or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents from the US Government based on a series of conditions. It applies to all government agencies. There are nine exemptions to the FOIA:
*Classified national defense and foreign relations information
*Internal agency rules and practices
*Information that is prohibited from disclosure by another federal law
*Trade secrets and other confidential business information
*Inter-agency or intra-agency communications protected by legal privileges
*Information involving matters of personal privacy
*Records compiled for law enforcement purposes
*Information relating to the supervision of financial institutions
*Geological information on wells

[http://thomas.loc.gov/ THOMAS] is a database kept by the Library of Congress detailing legislative information since 1995. The database is named after Thomas Jefferson. It includes information including:
*Bills and resolutions
*Congressional activity
*Congressional record
*Committee information
*Treaties
*Historical documents

A new political philosophy is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_governance open source governance], which details a post-national state where any interested citizen can add to the creation of a policy, by way of a wiki or another mechanism. The core of such a government structure is a "central codebase" that are maintained by public registry. The policies are distributed to local areas that can alter the policy for their own uses and can send improvements back to the core.

==Additional Links==
* http://thomas.loc.gov/home/abt_thom.html
* http://www.lessig.org/blog/
* http://www.archives.gov/nhprc/announcement/digitizing-faqs.html
* http://www.sunlightfoundation.com/

CSC 379 SUM2008:Week 4, Group 2

2008-08-01T17:11:59Z

Rbwilli2:

==Open Government==
Most bills are passed by legislatures without ever being read by most legislators. Letters, articles, reports, all often never escape the physical mediums (paper) of their existence. Although technology has developed to the point where all non-private information in the United States government can, in theory, be made openly available, the support structures and culture of information sharing has not caught up to make full use of them. Efforts are being made to use digitization and sharing technology; one of the most notable digitization efforts is THOMAS, a joint effort by the Library of Congress and the Government Printing Office (GPO).

Examine the ethical implications of making policy with inadequate access to information, and the efforts being made to address those concerns. Is there a need for a change in existing support structures and culture of information sharing in government? Should support structures and culture change to encourage greater information sharing, if it required the government to slow down decision-making processes?
==History==
Open government is the doctrine that all levels of political administration should be open to public viewing and scrutiny. The origins of which date back to the Enlightenment in Europe in the eighteenth century. More recently, the passing of the [http://www.usdoj.gov/oip/ Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)] in the United States in 1966 is seen as the beginning of a modern movement toward open government. After its passing, several countries have followed suit in the subsequent decades.

The FOIA allows for complete or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents from the US Government based on a series of conditions. It applies to all government agencies. There are nine exemptions to the FOIA:
*Classified national defense and foreign relations information
*Internal agency rules and practices
*Information that is prohibited from disclosure by another federal law
*Trade secrets and other confidential business information
*Inter-agency or intra-agency communications protected by legal privileges
*Information involving matters of personal privacy
*Records compiled for law enforcement purposes
*Information relating to the supervision of financial institutions
*Geological information on wells

[http://thomas.loc.gov/ THOMAS] is a database kept by the Library of Congress detailing legislative information since 1995. The database is named after Thomas Jefferson. It includes information including:
*Bills and resolutions
*Congressional activity
*Congressional record
*Committee information
*Treaties
*Historical documents

A new political philosophy is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source_governance open source governance], which details a post-national state where any interested citizen can add to the creation of a policy, by way of a wiki or another mechanism. The core of such a government structure is a "central codebase" that are maintained by public registry. The policies are distributed to local areas that can alter the policy for their own uses and can send improvements back to the core.
==Additional Links==
* http://thomas.loc.gov/home/abt_thom.html
* http://www.lessig.org/blog/
* http://www.archives.gov/nhprc/announcement/digitizing-faqs.html
* http://www.sunlightfoundation.com/

Law

2008-08-01T04:27:40Z

Rbwilli2: /* What are Copyrights, Patents, & Trade Secrets? */

Law

2008-08-01T04:26:16Z

Rbwilli2: /* What are Copyrights, Patents, & Trade Secrets? */

Law

2008-08-01T04:26:05Z

Rbwilli2: /* What are Copyrights, Patents, & Trade Secrets? */

Law

2008-08-01T04:00:24Z

Rbwilli2: /* Existing Page */

Law

2008-08-01T04:00:06Z

Rbwilli2: /* Important Cases */

Law

2008-08-01T03:55:35Z

Rbwilli2: /* Additional Resources */

Law

2008-08-01T03:54:24Z

Rbwilli2: /* Additional Resources */

Law

2008-08-01T03:53:43Z

Rbwilli2: /* What are Copyrights, Patents, & Trade Secrets? */

Law

2008-08-01T03:53:15Z

Rbwilli2: /* Additional Resources */

Law

2008-08-01T03:43:34Z

Rbwilli2: /* Additional Resources */

Law

2008-08-01T03:24:47Z

Rbwilli2: /* Additional Resources */

Law

2008-08-01T03:02:01Z

Rbwilli2: /* Additional Resources */

Law

2008-08-01T02:25:47Z

Rbwilli2:

Law

2008-08-01T02:22:23Z

Rbwilli2:

CSC 379 SUM2008:Week 3, Group 2

2008-07-26T01:20:11Z

Rbwilli2: /* Costs and Benefits of Countermeasures */

== Costs and Benefits of Malware Countermeasures ==
Examine the changing nature of malware distribution and forms. What ethical concerns are raised by this new set range of threats? Examine the effects (costs and benefits) of countermeasures designed to address these new threats.

* [http://www.caci.com/business/ia/threats.html http://www.caci.com/business/ia/threats.html]
* [http://www.symantec.com/business/theme.jsp?themeid=threatreport http://www.symantec.com/business/theme.jsp?themeid=threatreport]
* [http://www.gtisc.gatech.edu/pdf/Real%20Message_WSJ_061808.pdf?mod=technology_columns_featured_lsc http://www.gtisc.gatech.edu/pdf/Real%20Message_WSJ_061808.pdf?mod=technology_columns_featured_lsc]
* [http://news.zdnet.co.uk/security/0,1000000189,39280540,00.htm http://news.zdnet.co.uk/security/0,1000000189,39280540,00.htm]

===Evolution of Malware===

Many early viruses were not written to cause serious harm to computers, but were rather written as experiments or pranks meant to be annoying. For instance, the first [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Worm internet worm] was not intended to cause the millions in damage, but was rather written to gauge the size of the internet. Even the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_virus Melissa virus], written in 1999, was originally intended as a prank.

Another category of malware that appeared is the type intended to cause data loss. These can either delete files on a hard disk or corrupt a file system by writing junk data. This can be compared to graffiti, as the author's tag follows the malware as it spreads.

Since 2003, another form of malware that has become increasingly widespread is software intended for profit. The rise of broadband internet access has allowed this form of malware to spread. These can include viruses and worms designed to take control of computers for exploitation or denial-of-service attacks designed for extortion.

Furthermore, a new form of for-profit malware that has emerged is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware spyware]. Unlike other viruses, spyware is not spread through email, but rather installed through exploiting security holes or packaged with software. Spyware is designed to monitor a user's web-surfing, display advertisements, or redirect affiliate marketing revenue to the creator.

An additional form of malware is BOTS. BOTS infect a computer and lie dormant until instructions are sent. BOTS are responsible for most of the spam that is propogated. Many of the new BOTS last only for one day, not nearly enough time for anti-virus programs to respond.

===Evolution of Threat Speed===

<working...>

Based on a report in the Wall Street Journal [1], in 1999 it would take up to 281 days from the time that a computer system security flaw was announced until a malicious code would take advantage of that. However as of January 2004 this number declined to 10. The rate of the distribution has changed dramatically as well. Based on an article that was published by the CERT Coordination Center at Carnegie Mellon University, as of January 2003 a SQL based worm ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_slammer_%28computer_worm%29 slammer]) infected ninety percent of the vulnerable servers within the first 10 minutes of the distribution. Currently it takes only 6 days between the revelation of a vulnerability and the release of its exploit. Given that the average time that it takes to release a patch for the exploited flaw is 54 days [2] which means that it is not very effective.

===Evolution of Threat Stealth===
Financial motivations cause malwares to become more advanced in hiding and preventing detection. Rootkits and bots are some of the tools that malwares are using to hide themselves [3]. Since the number of different viruses and worms is doubling every six month [4], the chance of persisting undiscovered malwares increases dramatically. However as the antivirus and anti spyware applications evolving and providing a better protection for the operating systems, most of the malware authors have focused on higher level web applications which are more vulnerable due to the lack of defense, and that has caused lot of privacy violation incidents [5, 6].

===Ethical Concerns of New Malware===
<Work in Progress>

As malware has evolved over the years, so have the ethical concerns associated with them.

===Costs and Benefits of Countermeasures===

There are several countermeasures to fight against malware. Arguably, the most important is a anti-virus application like [http://shop.symantecstore.com/store/symnahho/en_US/DisplayProductDetailsPage/ThemeID.106300/pgm.13843400/productID.77408500 Symantec Norton AntiVirus or [http://usa.kaspersky.com/ Kaspersky Anti-Virus]. These programs offer protection against viruses and many other types of malware by use of a blacklist. However, it is impossible to stay completely ahead of all viruses, so there is a lapse between the time a new virus is released and the time it takes to get the blacklist updated and installed on machines. These programs often must be purchased and come with subscription fees.

For spyware, there are other options that are available. Because of the anti-virus programs' slow response to the boom of spyware, free spyware programs surfaced. Programs such as [http://www.safer-networking.org/en/home/index.html Spybot-Search and Destroy] and [http://lavasoft.com/products/ad_aware_free.php Ad-Aware] offer free scans and removal of spyware.

Another option to prevent malware is to avoid the programs that malware developers target. Microsoft operating systems are the most popular and thus the most often targeted for attack. Switching to another operating system can reduce the number of viruses one can greatly limit the number of malware programs that can harm one's system. Furthermore, Internet Explorer is the browser most often targeted and switching to [http://www.mozilla.com/en-US/firefox/ Firefox] or [http://www.opera.com/ Opera] will limit the available viruses one can obtain.

==Links and Sources==
1. D. Bank, "Computer Worm Is Turning Faster," The Wall Street Journal,May 27, 2004.

2. Symantec Internet Security Threat Report, Volume VIII, Published September 2005

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootkit

4. Symantec Internet Security Threat Report, Volume VIII, Published September 2005

5. J. Swartz, "40 million credit card holders may be at risk," USA TODAY, June 19, 2005, http://www.usatoday.com/money/perfi/general/2005-06-19-breach-usatx.htm

6. L. Mearian, "System break-in nets hackers 8 million credit card numbers,"COMPUTERWORLD, February 24, 2003, http://www.computerworld.eom/securitytopics/security/story/0,10801,78747,00.html

*[http://www.mysecurecyberspace.com/secure/web-browsing/threats/malware.html Carnegie Mellon]

*[http://searchwindowssecurity.techtarget.com/generic/0,295582,sid45_gci1249124,00.html What is Malware?]

CSC 379 SUM2008:Week 3, Group 2

2008-07-26T00:58:33Z

Rbwilli2: /* Costs and Benefits of Countermeasures */

== Costs and Benefits of Malware Countermeasures ==
Examine the changing nature of malware distribution and forms. What ethical concerns are raised by this new set range of threats? Examine the effects (costs and benefits) of countermeasures designed to address these new threats.

* [http://www.caci.com/business/ia/threats.html http://www.caci.com/business/ia/threats.html]
* [http://www.symantec.com/business/theme.jsp?themeid=threatreport http://www.symantec.com/business/theme.jsp?themeid=threatreport]
* [http://www.gtisc.gatech.edu/pdf/Real%20Message_WSJ_061808.pdf?mod=technology_columns_featured_lsc http://www.gtisc.gatech.edu/pdf/Real%20Message_WSJ_061808.pdf?mod=technology_columns_featured_lsc]
* [http://news.zdnet.co.uk/security/0,1000000189,39280540,00.htm http://news.zdnet.co.uk/security/0,1000000189,39280540,00.htm]

===Evolution of Malware===

Many early viruses were not written to cause serious harm to computers, but were rather written as experiments or pranks meant to be annoying. For instance, the first [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Worm internet worm] was not intended to cause the millions in damage, but was rather written to gauge the size of the internet. Even the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_virus Melissa virus], written in 1999, was originally intended as a prank.

Another category of malware that appeared is the type intended to cause data loss. These can either delete files on a hard disk or corrupt a file system by writing junk data. This can be compared to graffiti, as the author's tag follows the malware as it spreads.

Since 2003, another form of malware that has become increasingly widespread is software intended for profit. The rise of broadband internet access has allowed this form of malware to spread. These can include viruses and worms designed to take control of computers for exploitation or denial-of-service attacks designed for extortion.

Furthermore, a new form of for-profit malware that has emerged is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware spyware]. Unlike other viruses, spyware is not spread through email, but rather installed through exploiting security holes or packaged with software. Spyware is designed to monitor a user's web-surfing, display advertisements, or redirect affiliate marketing revenue to the creator.

An additional form of malware is BOTS. BOTS infect a computer and lie dormant until instructions are sent. BOTS are responsible for most of the spam that is propogated. Many of the new BOTS last only for one day, not nearly enough time for anti-virus programs to respond.

===Evolution of Malware Distribution===

(THIS IS A DRAFT AND WILL BE CHANGED SHORTLY)

Back at the dawn of the scan age, when the first antivirus products crawled out of the primordial ooze, a model arose for the efficient detection of computer viruses.

File infecting viruses spread upon a system by infecting innocent files in a fairly chaotic confusion. So a virus could exist almost anywhere on the drive system. Often they existed all over the drive system.

As numbers increased, and antivirus companies battled it out by claiming they detected more viruses, a model arose for testing antivirus claims. The model correctly focused on testing how viruses really spread and how antivirus products actually scanned. And of course "big numbers" was construed as a good thing. However, the majority of viruses never actually infected users systems, and thus did not constitute a real world threat.

Then, in 1993, a system of cooperative reporting arose that enabled developers and testers to focus more on the actual threat. It was called the WildList and allowed testers to fine tune testing, by moving away from mere numbers and focusing on the reality of the virus threat.

Since the original WildList appeared, the nature of the actual threat to users has changed dramatically. Viruses (that is true viruses that infect files all over the system) are now nearly extinct. Recent WildLists have only a handful of true viruses. Most threats on the WildList today are actually worms. However in today's reality, viruses and worms are comparatively rare. They are a miniscule part of the real and present threats to users.

For example, at the time of this writing, the WildList (August 2007) says that 580 threats have been reported during the past six months. By contrast, at the time of this writing, the malware research lab at Lavasoft received 1500 new threats over the past weekend.

===Ethical Concerns of New Malware===
<Work in Progress>

As malware has evolved over the years, so have the ethical concerns associated with them.

===Costs and Benefits of Countermeasures===

working

==Links and Sources==
*[http://www.mysecurecyberspace.com/secure/web-browsing/threats/malware.html Carnegie Mellon]
*[http://searchwindowssecurity.techtarget.com/generic/0,295582,sid45_gci1249124,00.html What is Malware?]

CSC 379 SUM2008:Week 3, Group 2

2008-07-25T23:19:30Z

Rbwilli2: /* Evolution of Malware */

CSC 379 SUM2008:Week 3, Group 2

2008-07-25T22:33:33Z

Rbwilli2: /* Costs and Benefits of Malware Countermeasures */

CSC 379 SUM2008:Week 3, Group 2

2008-07-25T22:33:12Z

Rbwilli2: /* Costs and Benefits of Malware Countermeasures */

CSC 379 SUM2008:Week 3, Group 2

2008-07-25T22:32:10Z

Rbwilli2: /* Costs and Benefits of Countermeasures */

CSC 379 SUM2008:Week 3, Group 2

2008-07-25T22:31:59Z

Rbwilli2: /* Ethical Concerns of New Malware */

CSC 379 SUM2008:Week 3, Group 2

2008-07-25T22:31:47Z

Rbwilli2: /* Evolution of Malware Distribution and Forms */

CSC 379 SUM2008:Week 2, Group 2

2008-07-19T00:56:00Z

Rbwilli2: /* Creative Commons License */

=Alternative Intellectual Property Models=

Creative Commons and the GNU General Public License are two alternative intellectual property models that are used in the software industry, and are now becoming more frequently used for non-software projects. Organizations and projects like Lulu, Wikibooks, and Flickr, utilize these alternative models and facilitate the creation of intellectual works. Examine the ethical considerations surrounding the practice of self-publishing and creation of collaborative works under alternative licenses.

==Copyright vs. Copyleft==

"'All' is excessive."

===What is Copyleft?===

All wrongs reserved.

===Some History===

TinyBASIC, Stallman, EFF, GNU, etc.

==GPL (GNU General Public License)==

===Synopsis===
The GNU or General Public License, now in its third version, is a licesne primarily used by GNU programmers and programmers developing free software packages. The license was written by Richard Stallman for the GNU project. The GNU project is an operating system that in Unix-like in way it looks, but it is composed of all free software. The GPL it self is a great example of a copyleft license with requires derived works form the project to be available under the same copyleft license. The GPL grants the user of the software free software definition. The means that the user is free to copy the software, change the software, and redistribute the software.

[http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html The GPL in HTML]

===Related Licenses===

*GNU Lesser General Public License - is also a free software license that is a compromise between the original GPL and other permissive licenses. The main difference between GPL and LGPL programs is that LGPL programs can be linked to non GPL programs. Then the non GPL program can then be redistributed as long as it is not a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_work derivative work]. If it is it has to account for reverse engineering and debugging.

*GNU Free Documentation License - is a copyleft license for free documentation. It gives the readers the ability to copy, redistribute,modify a work, and that all derivative works be available under the same license. Copies can actually be sold but if more than 100 copies are made the source code must be made available. The Free Documentation License is mostly used for manuals, textbooks and other reference materials, it is also the license that [http://www.wikipedia.com Wikipedia] uses.

*Affero General Public License - a free software license with a strong copyleft background, dealing with network server software. Very similar to the GPL, except that it makes the user have to have the source code available to any networked user of the AGPL'ed work.

==Creative Commons License==

===Synopsis===
[http://creativecommons.org/ Creative Commons] is a Tax-Exempt charitable organization dedicated to defining the range of possibilities between full copyright and public domain. Their licenses offer a "some rights reserved" copyright. The corporations goals are cooperative and community-minded in a voluntary method.

===Optional Conditions===
*[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Attribution (by)] - This license allows others to distribute, alter, build upon, even commercially, as long credit is given to the original creator.
*[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Attribution Share Alike (by-sa)] - This license contains the same terms as Attribution but also ads the terms to the new creation.
*[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/ Attribution No Derivatives (by-nd)] - This license allows for commercial and non-commercial redistribution, as long as the creation is unaltered and credit is given.
*[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ Attribution Non-commercial (by-nc)] - This license allows others to distribute, alter, build upon the work as long as it is non-commercial and credit is given to the original creator.
*[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Attribution Non-commercial Share Alike (by-nc-sa)] - This license contains the same terms as Attribution Non-commercial but also ads the terms to the new creation.
*[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd)] - This license allows for non-commercial redistribution as long as the creation is unaltered and credit is given to the original creator.

===License Expression===
There are three methods for the license to be expressed for the work.
*Common Deed - plain-language summary of the license with icons.
*Legal Code - fine print that will ensure the license will stand up in court.
*Digital Code - Machine-readable translation that helps search engines and other applications identify the work by its terms.

==Licensing in the Wild==

===A Bestiary of Licenses===

http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html

Self-publishing, Lulu, Flickr, etc.

==Links and Sources==

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft]
* [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html GNU's Awesome License Bestiary]
* [http://creativecommons.org/ http://creativecommons.org/]
* [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html]
* [http://www.lulu.com/ http://www.lulu.com/]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-publishing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-publishing]
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Main_Page]
* [http://www.flickr.com/ http://www.flickr.com/]

CSC 379 SUM2008:Week 1, Group 4

2008-07-11T21:08:48Z

Rbwilli2: /* Do-Not-Spam Lists */

'''DUE FRIDAY 11:30PM'''

==The Effects of Spam-Countermeasures==
Fighting against spam is difficult when its countermeasures come at a cost as well. E-mail is not just storage; much resources must be devoted to its processing, and the cost of efforts from virus scans of content to filtering all can be significant. Aggressive countermeasures have a negative impact on productivity, when the number of “false positives” is too great (legitimate emails incorrectly filed as spam). Examine the breadth of countermeasures available to combat spam, providing a brief review of the ethical considerations each raise, and links to online resources that cite specific instances or effects of each.

==Spam Countermeasures==
===Server-Side Spam Filters===

These filters scan and quarantine spam before the end-user even know it exists.

Possible concerns - privacy, accuracy

===Pay-per-email===

Yahoo and AOL announced their decision to allow certain organizations the options to certify their email and bypass incoming spam filters by paying up to one cent per email. The service is based on technology created by Goodmail Systems. The system allows email users to be certain that emails from banks and nonprofit organizations are background checked and legitimate. The announcement caused quite a stir as organizations claimed it was a violation of the right to free speech.

===Aggressive Legal Prosecution===

===Do-Not-Spam Lists===

Like the federal "Do Not Call List" that became law in 2003, a Do-Not-Spam list is the idea of a list of email addresses that would be protected from spam by law. However, there is no Do-Not-Spam list because the FTC has declared that the idea would act as a list for illegal spammers to take advantage of. The FTC believes this could actually lead to an increase in spam. Some websites and organizations offer Do-Not-Spam lists that are scams to collect email addresses to spam. One legitimate Do-Not-Spam list provided by Blue Security Inc. was cracked in 2006, exposing the flaws in such a method of reducing spam.

===User-Defined Spam Filters===
Many popular email systems (such as gmail and ncsu's webmail) now provide "client"-side filtering of emails that are determined to be spam. These filters work by scanning emails for spam-related phrases such as "offer" or "male enhancement!!11!11!1" and quarantine emails that meet these pre-determined conditions. The obvious negative of this system is the possibility of legitimate emails being missed/trashed because they accidentally met the conditions to be considered spam. The major benefit of client-side filtering is the ability of the user to set the conditions rather than a corporate entity where censorship might come into play.

===Captchas (Image Recognition Logins)===
Captchas, aka the cryptic text filled images you must decode before you make an account/post on many webpages, offer an additional layer of security where spam or bots might pose a threat. The thought here is that bots will not be able to read the text where a human would have no problem, therefore eliminating the bots ability to create fake accounts or posts on servers.

Recently captcha-reading-capable bots have been created that threaten the future of captchas as a security technique.

CSC 379 SUM2008:Week 1, Group 4

2008-07-11T21:00:19Z

Rbwilli2: /* Pay-per-email */

'''DUE FRIDAY 11:30PM'''

==The Effects of Spam-Countermeasures==
Fighting against spam is difficult when its countermeasures come at a cost as well. E-mail is not just storage; much resources must be devoted to its processing, and the cost of efforts from virus scans of content to filtering all can be significant. Aggressive countermeasures have a negative impact on productivity, when the number of “false positives” is too great (legitimate emails incorrectly filed as spam). Examine the breadth of countermeasures available to combat spam, providing a brief review of the ethical considerations each raise, and links to online resources that cite specific instances or effects of each.

==Spam Countermeasures==
===Server-Side Spam Filters===

These filters scan and quarantine spam before the end-user even know it exists.

Possible concerns - privacy, accuracy

===Pay-per-email===

Yahoo and AOL announced their decision to allow certain organizations the options to certify their email and bypass incoming spam filters by paying up to one cent per email. The service is based on technology created by Goodmail Systems. The system allows email users to be certain that emails from banks and nonprofit organizations are background checked and legitimate. The announcement caused quite a stir as organizations claimed it was a violation of the right to free speech.

===Aggressive Legal Prosecution===

===Do-Not-Spam Lists===

Will probably work as well as the do-not-call list, that is, barely at all.

===User-Defined Spam Filters===
Many popular email systems (such as gmail and ncsu's webmail) now provide "client"-side filtering of emails that are determined to be spam. These filters work by scanning emails for spam-related phrases such as "offer" or "male enhancement!!11!11!1" and quarantine emails that meet these pre-determined conditions. The obvious negative of this system is the possibility of legitimate emails being missed/trashed because they accidentally met the conditions to be considered spam. The major benefit of client-side filtering is the ability of the user to set the conditions rather than a corporate entity where censorship might come into play.

===Captchas (Image Recognition Logins)===
Captchas, aka the cryptic text filled images you must decode before you make an account/post on many webpages, offer an additional layer of security where spam or bots might pose a threat. The thought here is that bots will not be able to read the text where a human would have no problem, therefore eliminating the bots ability to create fake accounts or posts on servers.

Recently captcha-reading-capable bots have been created that threaten the future of captchas as a security technique.