CSC 456 Spring 2012/11a NC

2012-04-11T15:28:40Z

Ccoffey:

2012-03-19T15:40:00Z

Ccoffey:

CSC 456 Spring 2011

2012-03-19T15:39:45Z

Ccoffey:

CSC 456 Spring 2012/ch4b

2012-03-19T15:37:41Z

Ccoffey:

CSC 456 Spring 2012/ch1 BC

2012-02-13T01:53:57Z

Ccoffey:

From 2006-2012 the increase in the number of transistors on a chip has grown from 167 million to 2.6 billion, a 15x increase.<ref name="trans count"/>

From 2006-2012 the clock frequency has increased from 2.4ghz to 5.2, a 2.2x increase.<ref name="proc chrono"/>

IBM now has the 16-core processor Power PC A2, Intel has the 10 core Xeon E7, AMD has the 16 Opteron Interlagos, and Sun has the 8-core Niagara.<ref name="xeon"/><ref name="powerpc"/><ref name="amd"/><ref name="sun"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Evolution of Intel Processors<ref name="intel procs"/>
|-
!From
!Procs
!Specifications
!New Features
|-
|1971
|4004
|740KHz, 2300 transistors, 10 micrometers, 640B addressable memory, 4KB program memory
|
|-
|1978
|8086
|16-bit, 5-10MHz, 29000 transistors at 3 micrometers, 1MB addressable memory
|
|-
|1982
|80286
|8-12.5MHz
|Virtual memory and protection mode
|-
|1985
|386
|32-bit, 16-33MHz, 275K transistors, 4GB addressable memory
|Pipelining
|-
|1989
|486
|25-100MHz, 1.5M transistors
|FPU integration
|-
|1993
|Pentium
|60-200MHz
|On-chip L1 caches and SMP suport
|-
|1995
|Pentium Pro
|16KB L1 caches, 5.5M transistors
|OOO execution
|-
|1997
|Pentium MMX
|233-450MHz, 32KB L1 cache, 4.5M transistors
|Dynamic branch prediction, MMX instruction sets
|-
|1999
|Pentium III
|450-1400MHz, 256KB L2 cache on chip, 28M transistors
|SSE instruction sets
|-
|2000
|Pentium IV
|1.4-3GHz, 55M transistors
|Hyperpipelining and SMT
|
|-
|2006
|Xeon
|64-bit, 2GHz, 167M transistors, 4MB L2 cache on chip
|Dual-core and virtualization support
|-
|'''2008'''
|'''Intel Core i7'''
|'''64-bit, 3.2GHz, 730M transistors, 4 core'''
|
|-
|'''2010'''
|'''Intel Xeon "Nehalem-EX"'''
|'''64-bit, 2.66GHz, 2300M transistors, 8 core'''
|
|-
|'''2011'''
|'''Intel Xeon E7'''
|'''64-bit, 2.67GHz, 2600M transistors, 10 core'''
|'''First Intel chip with 10 processors'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Examples of Current Multicore Processors<ref name="z196"/><ref name="xeon"/>
|-
!Name
!# Cores
!Clock Freq
!Clock Type
!Caches
!Chip Power
|-
|IBM z196
|4 cores
|5.3GHz
|OOO Superscalar
|128KB L1, 1.5MB L2, 24MB L3, 192MB L4
|1800W
|-
|Intel Xeon E
|10 cores
|2.67GHz
|SIMD
|64KB L1, 256KB L2, 30MB L3
|130W
|}

<references>
<ref name="trans count"> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count </ref>
<ref name="proc chrono"> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor_chronologyref </ref>
<ref name="intel procs">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors </ref>
<ref name="z196">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_z196_(microprocessor) </ref>
<ref name="xeon">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)#Westmere </ref>
<ref name="powerpc">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC_A2 </ref>
<ref name="amd">http://www.tomshardware.com/news/interlagos-bulldozer-opteron-16-core-valencia,13984.html </ref>
<ref name="sun">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UltraSPARC_T1 </ref>
</references>

CSC 456 Spring 2012/ch1 BC

2012-02-13T01:52:24Z

Ccoffey:

From 2006-2012 the increase in the number of transistors on a chip has grown from 167 million to 2.6 billion, a 15x increase.<ref name="trans count"/>

From 2006-2012 the clock frequency has increased from 2.4ghz to 5.2, a 2.2x increase.<ref name="proc chrono"/>

IBM now has the 16-core processor Power PC A2, Intel has the 10 core Xeon E7, AMD has the 16 Opteron Interlagos, and Sun has the 8-core Niagara.<ref name="xeon"/><ref name="powerpc"/><ref name="amd"/><ref name="sun"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Evolution of Intel Processors<ref name="intel procs"/>
|-
!From
!Procs
!Specifications
!New Features
|-
|1971
|4004
|740KHz, 2300 transistors, 10 micrometers, 640B addressable memory, 4KB program memory
|
|-
|1978
|8086
|16-bit, 5-10MHz, 29000 transistors at 3 micrometers, 1MB addressable memory
|
|-
|1982
|80286
|8-12.5MHz
|Virtual memory and protection mode
|-
|1985
|386
|32-bit, 16-33MHz, 275K transistors, 4GB addressable memory
|Pipelining
|-
|1989
|486
|25-100MHz, 1.5M transistors
|FPU integration
|-
|1993
|Pentium
|60-200MHz
|On-chip L1 caches and SMP suport
|-
|1995
|Pentium Pro
|16KB L1 caches, 5.5M transistors
|OOO execution
|-
|1997
|Pentium MMX
|233-450MHz, 32KB L1 cache, 4.5M transistors
|Dynamic branch prediction, MMX instruction sets
|-
|1999
|Pentium III
|450-1400MHz, 256KB L2 cache on chip, 28M transistors
|SSE instruction sets
|-
|2000
|Pentium IV
|1.4-3GHz, 55M transistors
|Hyperpipelining and SMT
|
|-
|2006
|Xeon
|64-bit, 2GHz, 167M transistors, 4MB L2 cache on chip
|Dual-core and virtualization support
|-
|'''2008'''
|'''Intel Core i7'''
|'''64-bit, 3.2GHz, 730M transistors, 4 core'''
|
|-
|'''2010'''
|'''Intel Xeon "Nehalem-EX"'''
|'''64-bit, 2.66GHz, 2300M transistors, 8 core'''
|
|-
|'''2011'''
|'''Intel Xeon E7'''
|'''64-bit, 2.67GHz, 2600M transistors, 10 core'''
|'''First Intel chip with 10 processors'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Examples of Current Multicore Processors<ref name="z196"/><ref name="xeon"/>
|-
!Name
!# Cores
!Clock Freq
!Clock Type
!Caches
!Chip Power
|-
|IBM z196
|4 cores
|5.3GHz
|OOO Superscalar
|128KB L1, 1.5MB L2, 24MB L3, 192MB L4
|1800W
|-
|Intel Xeon E
|10 cores
|2.67GHz
|SIMD
|64KB L1, 256KB L2, 30MB L3
|130W
|}

<references>
<ref name="trans count"> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_count>
<ref name="proc chrono"> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor_chronologyref>
<ref name="intel procs">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_microprocessors>
<ref name="z196">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_z196_(microprocessor)>
<ref name="xeon">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)#Westmere>
<ref name="powerpc">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC_A2>
<ref name="amd">http://www.tomshardware.com/news/interlagos-bulldozer-opteron-16-core-valencia,13984.html>
<ref name="sun">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UltraSPARC_T1>
</references>