CSC/ECE 517 Fall 2010/ch1 S10 PH
Overview
When starting to build a new desktop application, we all have to make a very important decision regarding which GUI toolkit to use from a pool of so many available. In very simple words, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) toolkit is the set of API's (Application Programming Interface) that produces the graphical user interface your users will interact with. There are a number of factors to consider when choosing the toolkit. Different toolkits support different platforms (Linux, Windows, OSX) and have different features such as accessibility, layout engines, and looks. We will see all these considerations with respect to Ruby in the sections below.
GUI Toolkits for Ruby
Ruby is an Object-Oriented Programming language. Till very recently, what could have been considered its most usable implementation was the open source interpreter. The way Ruby was designed,Ruby did not have very interactive capability other than just accepting text inputs on a console. Basically any editor could be used to develop programs in Ruby. A thing to be noted is that the freshly installed Ruby interpreter is not integrated with any one development environment.
At the onset of year 2009, Ruby was not well known for being used for developing regular or commercial desktop applications. A possible reason was identified as a lack of good GUI-related libraries. Although, Tk, which is packaged in Ruby's standard library, can be used to develop desktop applications, it is considered disorganized and the API is considered to be from yesteryears.Things evolved and today we have the developments of number of third party libraries like FxRuby,WxRuby,QtRuby,GTK-Ruby,Shoes and Swing which give Ruby graphical user interaction (GUI).These libraries give Ruby the user interface elements like text boxes to key in data, buttons to perform certain operation and window displays. More recent alternate implementations of Ruby have their own GUI facilities, such as Cocoa for MacRuby and Swing for JRuby. These toolkits are not really brand new but some like FxRuby, wxRuby, ruby-GNOME2 and RubyQt are simply wrappers for toolkits written in C or C++ .Shoes is a graphical library is implemented for Ruby alone.
All the toolkits have some common features but they also differ in many aspects. There is no “best” toolkit in abstract terms.The usefulness of a library is only really tested by trying to use it to perform a specific task. Similarly, the toolkit shortcomings may only become apparent after a using it in substantial and a purposeful way.
Developing a GUI library for Ruby is actually time-consuming. There are many reasons for this like, the large number of classes and methods often involved in the implementation; the need to employ lower-level compiled languages;cross-platform support;automated testing; highly variable paths through code; and the complexity of reconciling Ruby's GC-based memory management with that of the base language (often C or C++) in long-running applications.
Ruby's popularity has double folded in recent years.It remains a small language when compared to C, C++ and Java and hence it is an open question whether having a large number of libraries that more or less provide similar features is an optimal outcome.
Tk
The standard graphical user interface (GUI) for Ruby is Tk. It was initially developed for the Tcl scripting language by John Ousterhout. Tk is known for its widgets hierarchy. There's one root widget which can contain other widgets inside it. Tk applications really do have a good look-and-feel as the GUI interface is native to the platform.
To develop an app using Tk in Ruby, we first need to create widgets and then include them in our GUI. Events associated with these widgets are then bound to a method. Tk is mostly used to create simple interfaces because of the nested hierarchy and sometimes trying to create complex interfaces can get troublesome. Tk is best used for smaller GUI needs.
Installation & getting started
Ruby installer comes with Tk associations but user needs to download and install ActiveTcl in order to run a code written using Tk GUI Toolkit. If you have Ruby and ActiveTcl installed on your system then any editor can be used to write a code including a Tk Library
Running Sample Application
Open any basic editor (Notepad++ recommended) and just include tk library. As mentioned above we first start the program by creating a root
require 'tk'
root = TkRoot.new { title "Sample Application" } #Title as root
TkButton.new(root) {
text 'Click this!'
pack { padx 35 ; pady 35; side 'left' }
}
Tk.mainloop
Pros & Cons
Pros -
- Cross platform
Cons -
- Badly documented
- Not elegant
- Widgets are non-native
Projects developed in Tk
FxRuby
FxRuby is a based on Fox toolkit which is a GUI toolkit written in C++. Using FxRuby one can create powerful cross platform GUI interfaces for Ruby applications. Since Fox toolkit is known for its robust C++ implementation, applications develop in FxRuby are highly optimized and have very good performance.
Look and feel of the window apps built with FxRuby stays native to the platform. FxRuby can also be used to create professional business apps.
Installation & getting started
FxRuby is very simple to install on any platform. Once you install Ruby with the Ruby installer, FxRuby can be downloaded and install using Ruby gems which comes along with the Ruby. Procedure to install FxRuby -
- Install Ruby from Ruby installer
- Open Command prompt
- Execute following command -
>>gems install rubygems
Also to get the sample code and the documentation you can install the FxRuby Package from Rubyforge.
Running Sample Application
To get started either you can open any editor and start writing the code or you can also use the integrated features of Eclipse IDE to build the app. Make sure that you load the 'rubygems' library in order to run apps make in FxRuby.
require 'fox16' include Fox app = FXApp.new window = FXMainWindow.new(theApp, "Sample Application") FXButton.new(theMainWindow, "Click this") app.create windows.show app.run
Pros & Cons
Pros -
- Book available for reference
Cons -
- Binary gems are available for Windows, OS X, and Ubuntu Linux but for other platforms,for installing the gem you need to compile native code.
Projects developed in FxRuby
- BeERP -commercial ERP application
- fxtwitter -is a Twitter client
- Discretizer - for creating geometry and mesh for three dimensional objects.
- FreeRIDE -IDE for the Ruby programming language
- foxGUIb - helps build GUI and generates code for FXRuby
- FXRI - to search for text while you are typing
WxRuby
WxRuby is yet another very stable GUI toolkit for Ruby. Like Tk , it also features native styling of the widgets across platforms and creates quite robust GUI apps. The wxRuby API is very much C++ oriented and the bindings which wxRuby provides doesn't exactly provide an environment of Ruby development. Hence it may get bit difficult for the Ruby developer to understand things in the beginning.
Installation & getting started
The installation of wxRuby is quite similar to that of FxRuby. You can install wxRuby using Ruby gems if the Ruby is already installed on the system. To get it via gems open a console window and type the following command -
>>gems install wxruby
Again like FxRuby you can install wxRuby package from Rubyforge to get the documentation, sample codes etc for wxRuby. The samples which comes with wxRuby are very interesting, you must try out few of them to know the power of wxRuby.
Running Sample Application
require 'rubygems'
require 'wx'
class MyApp < Wx::App
def on_init
@wxframe = Wx::Frame.new( nil, -1, "Sample Application" )
@wxframe.show
end
end
app = MyApp.new
app.main_loop
Pros & Cons
Pros -
- Cross platform
- Larger support community
- Windows support
- Ease of installation
- Comprehensive widget set
- Internationalization
- Liberal licence
Cons -
- Not enough documentation
- API is C++ Oriented
- Take time to develop apps
Projects developed in wxRuby
QtRuby
Provides Ruby bindings to the Qt toolkit. This is used in the the KDE desktop system.
Installation & getting started
To install QtRuby one need to install cross platform Qt framework available at Trolltech website. If you have Ruby installed, you will only need qtruby installer if you want to install it in Windows.
Also you need to make sure that you have Ruby version 1.8.6-25 in order to install qtruby. Different versions of Ruby can be targeted from the same system without any problem.
Running Sample Application
QtRuby is bit hard to learn but if you have been doing coding in c++ then you'll prefer QtRuby than any other GUI toolkits. To run a sample code you can use any editor or IDE.
require 'Qt'
app = Qt::Application.new(ARGV)
button=Qt::PushButton.new("Click this")
button.resize(80,30)
button.show
app.exec
Pros & Cons
Pros -
- Book for reference available.
- Native looking desktop applications can be created
- Available as a Gem.
Cons -
- Even though a gem is available for the Windows installation, for other platforms, only source code is available.
Projects developed in GTK Ruby
Shoes
Shoes is a very recently introduced Ruby GUI toolkit. Shoes was designed specifically for Ruby unlike the other toolkits which were first developed for C/C++ developers (like QtRuby). Installing Shoes is very easy and it has packaged set-ups for every platform. Shoes is not really designed for serious,large-scale application but you can write small and useful programs using Shoes. The learning curve for Shoes is very small.
Instead of using widgets like most of the other GUI toolkits, Shoes uses images and text layout. This tiny toolkit is written with the help of an art Engine called Cairo and has very limited native controls.
Installation & getting started
Shoes is probably the simplest and easiest GUI toolkit to install. Once you install Ruby, just download the package from GitHub site and install it on your Windows machine. Once you are done, the interface will give you few options to open the app, package the app or read the manual.
Surprising thing is that we don't even need Ruby or Winzip for running or packaging an app.
Running Sample Application
To run an app in Shoes, you first need to write it using any text editor and then open the app from the integrated app of Shoes. Scope of Shoes is very much limited though.
Shoes.app {
@push = button "Click thiss"
@note = para "Nothing pushed so far"
@push.click {
@note.replace "Okay you clicked"
}
}
Pros & Cons
Pros -
- Good graphics
- Easy control at a lower level
- Simple interface with redistributables and examples
Cons -
- Considered rough around the edges since it attempts to support so many platforms
- Lacks many of the more robust widgets common in other toolkits
Projects developed in Shoes
Comparison of various GUI toolkits for Ruby
Cross platform comparison
| GUI Toolkit | Windows | Linux | Mac OS X |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tk | yes | yes | yes |
| FxRuby | yes | yes | yes |
| WxRuby | yes | yes | yes |
| QtRuby | yes | yes | yes |
| Shoes | yes | yes | yes |
| Swing | yes | yes | yes |
| Monkeybars | yes | yes | yes |
| Cocoa | No | No | yes |
| GTK | yes | yes | yes |
Rapid GUI development comparison
| GUI Toolkit | Time taken to build first application | Level of difficulty | Look and feel of interface |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tk | x | x | x |
| FxRuby | x | x | x |
| WxRuby | x | x | good |
| QtRuby | x | x | x |
| Shoes | 2 mins | very easy | excellent |
Best GUI Toolkit for Ruby Survey 2008
Towards the end of year 2008, a survey of Ruby programmers was conducted.This set of respondents had those who had never done GUI programming in Ruby, those who had done some Ruby GUI programming in the past but now were not doing so and those who are doing so presently. This survey aimed to find the use and their attitudes towards graphical user interaction (GUI) libraries used for creating Ruby desktop applications.Here are the summarized results to get an insight into what were the most important features programmers looked for:
- The Ruby GUI "scene" remains fragmented: the survey found at least a dozen separate GUI libraries in current use. The most used toolkits were Shoes (21%), Ruby-GNOME2 (19%) and wxRuby (16%).
- Of users naming a single preferred toolkit, Ruby-GNOME2 and Shoes were chosen by 26%, wxRuby by 17% and RubyCocoa 11%; no other toolkit received more than 10%.
- There are striking differences between Japanese and Euro-American Ruby users. Among Japanese Ruby developers, Ruby-GNOME2 is the preferred toolkit of a majority (56%), whereas among Euro-Americans, it lies third behind Shoes and wxRuby in popularity
- Preference for one or other of the two leading comprehensive toolkits (GNOME2 and Wx) is not strongly predicted by the general importance attached to features of GUI libraries. This suggests their capabilities and range of potential applications largely overlap
- The emergence of new Ruby implementations and their associated GUI options has already had an effect on usage. MacRuby/Cocoa and, to a lesser degree, JRuby/Swing are well used and well regarded. MacRuby/Cocoa was the highest rated among all options for how well it met users' GUI development requirements.
- Ruby-Tk received the worst rating for how well it meets users' GUI requirements, with a modal rating of 'poor'. It was the only library for which fewer respondents said they planned to use it in the future than are currently using it. It seems its continued inclusion in the standard library is unjustified.
- Among those with an opinion, there's a 60/40 split against including any GUI library in the Ruby standard distribution.
- The high degree of fragmentation has not served potential GUI developers well. Almost all see Ruby as a viable GUI programming language, but the immaturity of the toolkits is the commonest reason for not using Ruby for GUI work. The means of redistributing ruby GUI apps to end users is another obstacle.
The numbers above clearly demonstrate that GUI library usage in Ruby remains highly fragmented. The most widely used library, Shoes, is currently being used by less than one in four GUI developers. They also suggest that this fragmentation is likely to persist. However, the the relatively new options, such as JRuby + Swing, MacRuby and Shoes, and the relatively low usage of long-established libraries such as FxRuby and Qt, are an indication that the situation is labile. It's a poor showing for the “standard” Ruby library, Tk, it being the only one where fewer users expect to use it in the future than are using it now.
Patterns of preference broadly follow patterns of usage, and most of the same comments apply. There was a very strong relationship between mother tongue and preferred toolkit. Among Japanese Ruby developers, Ruby-GNOME2 was the preferred toolkit of an absolute majority; among speakers of European languages, the same toolkit was less popular than Shoes and wxRuby. This is almost certainly a reflection of the language of the lead developers of each of those toolkits: Japanese for GNOME2, English for Shoes and wxRuby. If the lead developers speak the developer's language, this is likely to furnish more documentation and timely community support in that language. This is a nice example of the significance of non-technical factors in toolkit selection.
When to use what
If you just want to make a message box pop-up occasionally, or ask a user for some simple input, then any of the toolkits will work well.
You may decide to take into consideration characteristics like platform availability, a suitable range of widgets, and appropriate cost if your application requirements are really simple.
For distributing your application, you will need to look into toolkit licensing issues. You will also have to take into consideration whether the user already has the required environment or you will have to create an installation package for all libraries and widgets needed.
For complex applications, which consist of more than a few simple forms, you will definitely require a form-designer tool. You would also need a rich and varied set of available widgets. Instead of re-inventing the wheel, it is better to use or rather re-use an existing component like a date picker or file browser rather than writing your own.
Selection Criteria of GUI toolkit
- Ease of distributing applications
- Web-based documentation
- Availability on multiple platforms
- Maturity / stability
- Appearance / aesthetics
- Nonrestrictive license
- API programming style
- Ease of installation
- Rich set of widgets or components
- Community support/Whether or not it is actively maintained
- Speed / performance
- Internationalization support
- Licence compatible with commercial use
- Accessibility features
- Availability of extra tools
- Familiarity of toolkit other languages
- Paper-based documentation
- Solid implementation
- Ease of creating custom widgets
- Affordable cost
- Existing frameworks and libraries to speed development
- Mature IDEs and form layout tools
- Testing tools and frameworks
- Ease of packaging and deployment
Conclusion
Ruby has no real “Ruby-like” GUI system of itself.Tk is the default that comes with Ruby distribution. You can use it if you are fine with just basic functionality and do not care much about appearance. Incase you want something better, you have several choices that we saw . Just like a coin has two sides, each of them has its share of good qualities, but none of them emerged as a clear winner. There is no unanimous choice for general Ruby cross-platform desktop development. To varying degrees, they all have issues with installation, documentation, design tools, packaging, and deployment.