CSC 456 Fall 2013/1c wa

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Introduction

Cache size has grown over the years alongside the evolution of the micropocessor. Intuitively one would expect cache sizes to keep growing larger and larger following some law similar to Moore’s Law. In actuality however L1 cache sizes have all but maxed out for an individual processor. Observing the trend of cache growth it can be seen that some processor lines stopped growing from one iteration to the next and in some cases even decreased in size. To go along with this, cache associativity has varied over the years. While it is true that no cache organization is optimal for every situation certain organizations certainly perform better for most tasks on certain systems. This wiki will try to analyze data on cache size and associativities to gain some insight into the trends and reasoning behind vendor choices of cache size and organization over the years. Specifically it looks from the late 80’s / early 90’s to the early 2000’s.

Cache Associativity

This table shows cache associativities found in some mainstream processors from the late 80’s to the early 2000’s with one processor from 1968 just for reference. As can be seen from the data, the late 80’s early 90’s tended towards a set associative cache with around four lines. In the mid-90’s it tended towards lower associativity and direct mapping. Then in the late 90’s and early 2000’s it tended back towards higher associativities with larger set sizes again.

L1, L2, L3 Associativity

System	Year	L1 Associativity	L2 Associativity	L3 Associativity	Notes:
IBM 360/85	1968	Sector	N/A	N/A	First processor with a cache, clock speed 12.5MHz
Intel 80486	1989	4-way associative	N/A	N/A
SuperSPARC	1992	4 & 5 way set	N/A	N/A	Used to render Toy Story, Core @ 40MHz
Alpha 21064(DEC)	1992	Direct	Direct	N/A
UltraSPARC	1995	2-Way & Direct	Direct	N/A	64-bit w/ Core@200MHz
Alpha 21164(DEC)	1995	Direct	3 way set	N/A
Pentium Pro	1995	2 & 4 way	?	N/A	First on-die L2
K6-III	1999	2 way	4 way	n/a
Pentium 4	10/2000	4 Way	8 Way	N/A
UltraSPARC III	2001	4 Way	N/A	N/A
Itanium 2	2002	4 -way	8-way	12 way

Cache Size

Looking at this table, we can see a general progression of cache sizes growing for all manufacturers. However if we look at certain manufacturers from year to year we can sometimes see a decrease in cache size. For instance in 1992 the SuperSPARC had a 16+20 KB L1 cache, then in 1995 the UltraSPARC only had a 16+16 KB L1 cache. The L2 cache capacity increased however. More recently we can see that from 2008 to 2011 Intel decreased the cache size of its Core line of processors from the 64 KB in the Nehalem architecture to 32 KB in the Sandy Bridge line. In this instance the L2 cache stayed the same at 256 KB but the L3 capacity increased.

L1, L2, L3 Size by Year

Processor	System Type	Year	L1 size	L2 size	L3 size
IBM 360/85	Mainframe	1968	16 to 32 KB	—	—
PDP-11/70	Minicomputer	1975	1 KB	—	—
VAX 11/780	Minicomputer	1978	16 KB	—	—
IBM 3033	Mainframe	1978	64 KB	—	—
IBM 3090	Mainframe	1985	128 to 256 KB	—	—
Intel 80486	PC	1989	8 KB	—	—
SuperSPARC	PC	1992	16 KB/20 KB	0 to 2 MB	—
Pentium	PC	1993	8 KB/8 KB	256 to 512 KB	—
PowerPC 601	PC	1993	32 KB	—	—
UltraSPARC	PC	1995	16 KB/16 KB	512 KB to 4 MB	—
Pentium Pro	PC	1995	8 KB/8 KB	256 KB - 1 MB	—
PowerPC	620 PC	1996	32 KB/32 KB	—	—
PowerPC G4	PC/server	1999	32 KB/32 KB	256 KB to 1 MB	2 MB
IBM S/390 G4	Mainframe	1997	32 KB	256 KB	2 MB
IBM S/390 G6	Mainframe	1999	256 KB	8 MB	—
Pentium 4	PC/server	2000	8 KB/8 KB	256 KB	—
IBM SP	High-end server	2000	64 KB/32 KB	8 MB	—
CRAY MTAb	Supercomputer	2000	8 KB	2 MB	—
UltraSPARCIII	PC	2001	32 KB/64 KB	2 to 8 MB	—
Itanium	PC/server	2001	16 KB/16 KB	96 KB	4 MB
SGI Origin 2001	High-end server	2001	32 KB/32 KB	4 MB	—
Itanium 2	PC/server	2002	32 KB	256 KB	6 MB
IBM POWER5	High-end server	2003	64 KB	1.9 MB	36 MB
CRAY XD-1	Supercomputer	2004	64 KB/64 KB	1MB	—
Nehalem (i5,7, Xenon)	PC, Server	2008	64 KB per	256 KB per	4 MB to 12 MB total
Sandy Bridge (i3-7, Pent.)	PC	2011	32 KB per	256 KB per	1 MB to 20 MB total

Main Memory Specs

DRAM Memory Standards:

Standard	Mem Clock	Cycle time	I/O Bus Clock	Module Name	Peak Transfer Rate	Prefetch	Latency	Year
DDR-333	166 MHz	6 ns
DDR2-400	100MHz	10 ns	200 MHz	PC2-3200	3200 MB/s	4 n	4-6 Bus CC	2003
DDR2-533	133 MHz	7.5 ns	266	PC2-4200	4266 MB/s	4 n
DDR2-667	166 MHz	6 ns	333 MHz	PC2-5300	5333 MB/s	4 n
DDR2-800	200 MHz	5 ns	400 MHz	PC2-6400	6400 MB/s	4 n
DDR2-1066	266 MHz	3.75 ns	533 MHz	PC2-8500	8533 MB/s	4 n
DDR3-800	100 MHz	10 ns	400 MHz	PC2-6400	6400 MB/s	8 n	5-9 ns (7 avg.)	2007
DDR3-1066	133 MHz	7.5 ns	533 MHz	PC2-8500	8533 MB/s	8 n
DDR3-1333	166 MHz	6 ns	667 MHz	PC2-10600	10667 MB/s	8 n
DDR3-1600	200 MHz	5 ns	800 MHz	PC2-12800	12800 MB/s	8 n

Conclusion

Theory: Cache Associativity decreased as cache size became larger because it became too expensive to have to search the cache each time once the cache was too large. Also, bigger the cache size as a percentage of main memory, the less need for associativity. But while caches and main memory have both grown, main memory size has grown faster in the 2000’s. So when the percentage of cache to main memory goes down associativity needs to increase.

The Pentium/Pentium (1995)pro was the first processor to have the l2 cache on the processor chip. Before this, the l2 cache was an option to add on to the motherboard. [1]

Systems to consider in table

Pentium
amd
Mips
sun-microsystems: sparc
ibm: power pc
DEC: alpha

Penalty <100 when before 2000 after 2000 started to increase to get to main memory
< 20 1 level fine
<=100 2 level
>=200 3 level

miss rate reported, spec benchmarks >=200 3 level

miss rate reported, spec benchmarks

References

Cache size has varied over the years. Intuitively one would expect cache sizes to keep growing larger and larger following some law similar to Moore’s Law. In actuality however L1 cache sizes have all but maxed out for an individual processor. Observing the trend of cache growth it can be seen that some processor lines stopped growing from one iteration to the next and in some cases even decreased. To go along with this cache associativity has varied over the years. While it is true that no cache organization is optimal for every situation certain organizations certainly perform better for the average task on certain systems. This wiki will try to analyze data on cache size and associativities to gain some insight into the trends and reasoning behind vendor’s choices in cache size and organization over the years, specifically from the late 80’s / early 90’s to the early 2000’s.
Itanium Specs(p.20)
Cache Evolution
Intel Processors
First on-board L1
Cache Trend Table‎
Sector Caches
DDR2/3 Speeds
Memory Wall
Pentium Pro Specs