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= Debugging in Ruby on Rails =
= Debugging in Ruby on Rails =
[[File:debuggingrails.jpg|frame|right]]
[[File:debuggingrails.jpg|frame|Debugging is twice as hard as writing the code in the first place. Therefore, if you write the code as cleverly as possible, you are, by definition, not smart enough to debug it. — Brian W. Kernighan<ref>http://www.uplifted.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/debugging.jpg</ref><ref> http://blogs.msdn.com/b/alfredth/archive/2009/01/08/are-you-smart-enough-to-debug-your-own-code.aspx</ref>]]
 
__TOC__
__TOC__


= Introduction  =
= Introduction  =


[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails Rails] is an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source open-source] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application_frameworkweb web application framework] which makes use of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_%28programming_language%29 Ruby programming language]. With its huge library of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RubyGems gems] and support for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller MVC architecture], it provides an easy and clean approach for creating pages, talking to web server and dealing with databases. Debugging is always an important part of any application development for which Rails provides a tremendously good support despite being an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreted_language interpreted language] as opposed to C or Java or any other [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiled_language compiled language].
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails Rails] is an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source open-source] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application_frameworkweb web application framework] which runs on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_%28programming_language%29 Ruby programming language]. With its huge set of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RubyGems gems] and support for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller MVC architecture], it provides an easy and clean approach for creating pages, talking to web server and dealing with databases. Debugging is always an important part of any application development for which Rails provides a tremendously good support despite being an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreted_language interpreted language].


= Debugging Options =  
= Debugging Options =  
Line 13: Line 14:
== Debug Helpers ==
== Debug Helpers ==


One of the easiest ways to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugging debugging] is to simply output the value of different variables which provides us the first look into what could be going wrong. This could be done in all of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller models, views and controllers]. Rails provides three methods-debug, to_yaml and inspect to achieve this task. These methods create human-readable data from any [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(computer_science) object].<ref> http://ruby-doc.org/core-2.0.0/Object.html </ref> The examples below show the output when these methods are used in a view.
One of the easiest ways to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugging debugging] is to simply output the value of different variables which provides us the first look into what could be going wrong. This could be done in all of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view%E2%80%93controller models, views and controllers]. Rails provides three methods-debug, to_yaml and inspect to achieve this task. These methods create human-readable data from any Ruby object.<ref> http://ruby-doc.org/core-2.0.0/Object.html </ref> The examples below show the output when these methods are used in a view.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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== Logger ==
== Logger ==


Logger<ref> http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-1.9.3/libdoc/logger/rdoc/Logger.html</ref> class in Ruby helps us log information at runtime . Depending on what we choose to save in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logfile log file], it can give us a variety of information such as what [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL SQL] queries were sent to databases, methods executed on the controller, attributes of the controller. The default logger for Rails is ActiveSupport::Logger which creates a file(eg. development.log for development environment) under log/ directory.<ref> http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-1.9.3/libdoc/logger/rdoc/Logger.html</ref>
Logger class in Ruby helps us log information at runtime . Depending on what we choose to save in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logfile log file], it can give us a variety of information such as what [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL SQL] queries were sent to databases, methods executed on the controller, attributes of the controller. The default logger for Rails is ActiveSupport::Logger which creates a file(eg. development.log for development environment) under log/ directory.<ref> http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-1.9.3/libdoc/logger/rdoc/Logger.html</ref>
There are six logging levels supported by Logger class.<ref>http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.0.0/libdoc/logger/rdoc/Logger.html </ref><ref> http://railscasts.com/episodes/56-the-logger</ref>
There are six logging levels supported by Logger class.<ref> http://railscasts.com/episodes/56-the-logger</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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The different logging levels <ref> http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-1.8.7/libdoc/logger/rdoc/Logger.html </ref> determine the importance of the message and whether a message is logged or not depends on the current severity level set for an environment. Logger class logs all the messages for which severity level is same or above the current level set. The default logger level for development and production environment is debug and info respectively.<ref> http://rubylearning.com/satishtalim/ruby_logging.html </ref>  
The different logging levels determine the importance of the message and whether a message is logged or not depends on the current severity level set for an environment. Logger class logs all the messages for which severity level is same or above the current level set. The default logger level for development and production environment is debug and info respectively.<ref> http://rubylearning.com/satishtalim/ruby_logging.html </ref>  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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== Debugger Gem ==
== Debugger Gem ==


[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger Debugger] gem provides a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface command-line interface] for debugging Rails applications step by step as opposed to just logging information which we have discussed so far. With the help of debugger gem, user can put [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakpoint breakpoints], go through code step-wise, inspect contents of variables. The section below provides basic steps to install and use debugger.<ref> https://github.com/cldwalker/debugger </ref>
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger Debugger] gem provides a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface command-line interface] for debugging Rails applications step by step as opposed to just logging information which we have discussed so far. With the help of debugger gem, user can put breakpoints, go through code step-wise, inspect contents of variables. The section below provides basic steps to install and use debugger.<ref> https://github.com/cldwalker/debugger </ref>


* '''Installation'''


* '''Installation'''
Run the following command in the command window/terminal.
Run the following command in the command window/terminal.
  $ gem install debugger
  $ gem install debugger


* '''Invoke debugger'''


* '''Invoke debugger'''
User can invoke debugger from inside the code by calling debugger method.
User can invoke debugger from inside the code by calling debugger method.


[[File:Debugger_put.jpg|frame|none|Calling debugger method‎]]
[[File:Debugger_put.jpg|frame|none|Calling debugger method‎]]


* '''Start Web Server'''


* '''Start Web Server'''
Start web server in a separate window using --debugger option
Start web server in a separate window using --debugger option
  $rails server --debugger
  $rails server --debugger
Line 148: Line 149:
[[File:ServerStart.jpg|frame|none|Notice ''Debugger enabled'' message‎]]
[[File:ServerStart.jpg|frame|none|Notice ''Debugger enabled'' message‎]]


* '''Execute Code'''


* '''Execute Code'''
Execute the code as usually and as soon as it comes across debugger method, the code execution will stop and wait for further instructions from the user. The arrow shows where in code has debugger currently stopped.
Execute the code as usually and as soon as it comes across debugger method, the code execution will stop and wait for further instructions from the user. The arrow shows where in code has debugger currently stopped.


[[File:Breakpointhit.jpg|frame|none|The window displays 10 lines of code around the line where debugger has stopped‎]]
[[File:Breakpointhit.jpg|frame|none|The window displays 10 lines of code around the line where debugger has stopped‎]]


* '''Commands'''


* '''Commands'''
Enter help on the command prompt to find all the available commands user can use at this point.
Enter help on the command prompt to find all the available commands user can use at this point.


Line 162: Line 163:


For further information about a command, use the command
For further information about a command, use the command
  $ help <method>
  $ help <command>


[[File:helpcommands.jpg|frame|none|Help command usage]]
[[File:helpcommands.jpg|frame|none|Help command usage]]
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== Ruby-debug Gem ==
== Ruby-debug Gem ==


This is debugger for [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language) Ruby] 1.8. It checks what is going on inside the code of a  Ruby program while it executes. Apart from other ways, we can use rdebug to invoke Ruby program by a debugger.Ruby-debug has four main kinds of features for finding bug<ref> http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/ruby-debug.html</ref>:
This is the debugger for Ruby v1.8 and ruby-debug19 is for Ruby 1.9. It checks what is going on inside the code of a  Ruby program. We can use rdebug to invoke Ruby program by a debugger. Ruby-debug has four main kinds of features for finding bug<ref> http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/ruby-debug.html</ref><ref>http://blog.wyeworks.com/2011/11/1/ruby-1-9-3-and-ruby-debug/</ref>:
#Depict anything that seems doubtful to affect your program after starting the script
#Depict anything that seems doubtful to affect your program after starting the script
#Specify stop on the script at certain conditions.
#Specify stop on the script at certain conditions.
Line 182: Line 183:
   require ‘ruby-debug’
   require ‘ruby-debug’


* Invoke the debugger, call ‘debugger’ method on file. Put a breakpoint using ‘debugger’ in a file , find the bug and start the server again.
* Go to the command prompt and and write 'rdebug filename' where filename is the ruby file which you want to debug.
  rails server --debugger


* Now, a debugger prompt will be opened which will look like this:
* Now, a debugger prompt will be opened, there are several commands which we can use to further examine our code:
#list :Prints 10 lines centered around the current line(default). We can change this by "set listsize" command.
#step :Runs the script one executable unit
#p,var, display :Prints and watch the value of a variable. To stop displaying, we use ‘undisplay_variableNumber’.
#q, exit :Exit the debugger


* Use ‘help’ for available commands. We can also get a list of directives with "help", or "help backtrace" for the usage of specific directive. 'list', to take a look at where the application stops. Some useful commands are mentioned below :
* Use ‘help’ for available commands. We can also get a list of directives with "help", or "help backtrace" for the usage of specific directive.  
 
Some useful commands are mentioned below :
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! style="width:30%;"|Command
! style="width:30%;"|Command
! style="width:80%;"|Explanation
! style="width:70%;"|Explanation
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Backtrace
| Backtrace
Line 197: Line 203:
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Thread
| Thread
| To switch between threads, list the ongoing thread, its status, to stop a thread, resume and to switch its context.
| list the ongoing thread, its status.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| List
| Info breakpoints _n or info break _n
| lists all the code
| list breakpoints
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| info breakpoints _n_ or info break _n
| Restart
| list breakpoints
| to start the process again
|}
|}


Some other useful commands are ‘exit’, ‘finish’,‘step’, ‘continue’, ‘next’, ‘print’.
Some other useful commands are ‘exit’, ‘finish’,'break', ‘continue’, ‘next’, ‘set autoeval’, 'private_methods'.


You can use ‘var’ method to print the variables and ‘display’ to watch the variables. To stop displaying, we use ‘undisplay_variableNumber’.
== Pry Gem ==


== Pry Gem ==
Pry is a runtime developer console and an alternative to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Ruby_Shell IRB]. It provides many features for debugging code easily such as syntax highlighting, code indentation, ability to check source code or documentation without interrupting the current session. Pry solves the problem of indentation in IRB by resetting the terminal output as soon as a new line is entered.<ref>https://github.com/pry/pry</ref><ref>http://pryrepl.org/</ref><ref>http://rubygems.org/gems/pry</ref>


Pry is is a runtime developer console and an alternative to IRB(what?). It provides many features for debugging code easily such as syntax highlighting, code indentation, ability to check source code or documentation without interrupting the current session.  There is an indenting problem with IRB, Pry solves this problem by resetting the terminal output as soon as a new line is entered.
Steps to use Pry are as mentioned below:


* '''Install Pry'''
* '''Install Pry'''
Include the following in gemfile  
Include the following in gemfile  
  gem 'pry', :group => :development
  gem 'pry', :group => :development
Line 223: Line 230:


* '''Change IRB console to Pry Console'''
* '''Change IRB console to Pry Console'''
For a development environment, add this at the end of development.rb(add the code to corresponding files in other environment).
For a development environment, add this at the end of development.rb(add the code to corresponding files in other environment).
  silence_warnings do
  silence_warnings do
Line 229: Line 237:
  end
  end


* Start Rails server
* '''Start Rails server'''
 
Start rails server by typing ''rails server'' at command prompt.
 
[[File:railsserver.jpg|frame|none|Start Rails server‎]]
[[File:railsserver.jpg|frame|none|Start Rails server‎]]


* '''Start a Pry session'''
* '''Start a Pry session'''
Add binding.pry where we want to invoke Pry in the code.
Add binding.pry where we want to invoke Pry in the code.


Line 238: Line 250:


* '''Execute code'''
* '''Execute code'''
Execute the code by loading the Rails website in browser. The execution stops when it encounters binding.pry in the code.
Execute the code by loading the Rails website in browser. The execution stops when it encounters binding.pry in the code.


[[File:breakpointpry.jpg|frame|none|The arrow shows where in code are we currently‎]]
[[File:breakpointpry.jpg|frame|none|The arrow shows where in code are we currently‎]]


* '''Show the source code/documentation of a method'''


show-method      #or
show –doc


* '''Run the script. This will display the pry session.'''
* '''Move out of a breakpoint'''  
ruby -r pry file.rb.


* We can check the binded data by command
  CTRL+D
  ls    #we can just type the name also


* To show the source code/documentation of a method
* '''Other Commands'''
show-method      #or
----
show –doc
A list of commands supported by Pry can be obtained by typing ''help'' on the command shell.<ref> https://github.com/pry/pry/wiki/Command-system#wiki-Help_command</ref>
[[File:prycommandslist.jpg|frame|none|List of commands‎]]


* To move out of a breakpoint
[[File:prycommand1.jpg|frame|none|Running a sample command‎]]
CTRL+D


== Graphical Debugger ==
== Graphical Debugger ==


Rubymine, a commercial IDE by JetBrains, has a graphical debugger for ruby and rails code. It provides important and useful features such as smart breakpoints, dedicated view for watches and stack, expression evaluator, etc. Some of the key features related to debugging are presented below.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RubyMine Rubymine], a commercial [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment IDE] by JetBrains, has a graphical debugger for ruby and rails code. It provides important and useful features such as smart breakpoints, dedicated view for watches and stack, expression evaluator, etc. Some of the key features related to debugging are presented below.<ref>http://www.jetbrains.com/ruby/features/ruby_debugger.html</ref><ref>https://code.google.com/p/rudebug/</ref>
<br/><br/>
 
* '''Options'''
* '''Options'''
----


Rubymine debugger provides a lot of other options for debugging.
Rubymine debugger provides a lot of other options for debugging.


[[File:Rubymineoptions_rm.jpg|frame|none|Rubymine Run window‎]]
[[File:Rubymineoptions_rm.jpg|frame|none|Rubymine Run window‎]]


* '''Breakpoint'''
* '''Breakpoint'''
----


One can put breakpoint by simply clicking on the start of the line in the window or pressing Ctrl+Shift+F8. Breakpoint feature highlights the corresponding line in the code.
One can put breakpoint by simply clicking on the start of the line in the window or pressing Ctrl+Shift+F8. Breakpoint feature highlights the corresponding line in the code.


[[File:Breakpoint_rm.jpg‎|frame|none|Creating breakpoint which highlights the corresponding line in the code]]
[[File:Breakpoint_rm.jpg‎|frame|none|Creating breakpoint which highlights the corresponding line in the code]]


* '''Frames, Variables and Watches'''
* '''Frames, Variables and Watches'''
----


Rubymine debugger shows a separate window for frames, variables and watches when the execution hits a breakpoint. User can look in the corresponding window for more information.
Rubymine debugger shows a separate window for frames, variables and watches when the execution hits a breakpoint. User can look in the corresponding window for more information.


[[File:Breakpointreached_rm.jpg|frame|none|Rubymine IDE when code execution hits a breakpoint. Notice the different windows for frames, variables and watches‎]]
[[File:Breakpointreached_rm.jpg|frame|none|Rubymine IDE when code execution hits a breakpoint. Notice the different windows for frames, variables and watches‎]]


* '''Evaluate code and expressions'''
* '''Evaluate code and expressions'''
----


Users can type in expression or code and evaluate it when the breakpoint is hit or on the fly.  
Users can type in expression or code and evaluate it when the breakpoint is hit or on the fly.  
Line 300: Line 307:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! style="width:20%;"|Debug Option
! style="width:10%;"|Debug Option
! style="width:20%;"|Free/Commercial
! style="width:10%;"|Free/Commercial
! style="width:50%;"|Comments
! style="width:30%;"|Comments
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Debug Helpers
| Debug Helpers
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| Support for outputting the contents of object. Tagging feature quite useful for multi-user/large applications.
| Support for outputting the contents of object. Tagging feature quite useful for multi-user/large applications.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| debugger gem
| Debugger gem
| Free
| Free
| Support for step-wise command-line debugging. Lots of advanced features available.
| Support for step-wise command-line debugging. Lots of advanced features available.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| debug-ruby gem
| Ruby-debug gem
| Free
| Free
| .....
| Support for step-wise command-line debugging. Lots of advanced features available.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| pry gem
| Pry gem
| Free
| Free
| ...   
| Support for step-wise command-line debugging. Lots of advanced commands available for better debugging.   
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| Rubymine
| Rubymine
| Commercial
| Commercial
| Support for step-wise graphical debugging. Lots of advanced features available.
| Support for step-wise graphical debugging. Lots of advanced features available.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|}
|}


= Additional Info =
= See Also =


The information provided in the sections above are mostly effective for general debugging in Rails. There are more options available which provide other useful features for debugging purposes.  
The information provided in the sections above are mostly effective for general debugging in Rails. However, it's not an exhaustive list of gems/tools one could use. There are more options available which provide other useful features for ruby/rails debugging.  


# better_errors [https://github.com/charliesome/better_errors]
* [https://github.com/charliesome/better_errors better_errors ]
# jazz_hands [https://github.com/nixme/jazz_hands]
* [https://github.com/nixme/jazz_hands jazz_hands ]
# debugger-rails [https://github.com/Zorros/debugger-rails]
* [https://github.com/Zorros/debugger-rails debugger-rails ]


For more specific cases such as memory leak debugging, other choices are also available.
For more specific cases such as memory usage profiling, memory leak debugging, there are other choices available.
 
* [http://valgrind.org/ Valgrind]
* [https://github.com/brynary/rack-bug Rack-Bug]
* [https://github.com/noahd1/oink Oink]
* [https://github.com/binarylogic/memorylogic/tree/master Memory Logic]


=References=
=References=
<references />
<references />
=External Links=
[http://www.csc.ncsu.edu/ Computer Science, NC State]

Latest revision as of 19:15, 18 September 2013

Debugging in Ruby on Rails

Debugging is twice as hard as writing the code in the first place. Therefore, if you write the code as cleverly as possible, you are, by definition, not smart enough to debug it. — Brian W. Kernighan<ref>http://www.uplifted.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/debugging.jpg</ref><ref> http://blogs.msdn.com/b/alfredth/archive/2009/01/08/are-you-smart-enough-to-debug-your-own-code.aspx</ref>

Introduction

Rails is an open-source web application framework which runs on Ruby programming language. With its huge set of gems and support for MVC architecture, it provides an easy and clean approach for creating pages, talking to web server and dealing with databases. Debugging is always an important part of any application development for which Rails provides a tremendously good support despite being an interpreted language.

Debugging Options

Rails provides a range of options to make debugging easier. Some of these options have been discussed in the sections below. <ref>http://guides.rubyonrails.org/debugging_rails_applications.html</ref>

Debug Helpers

One of the easiest ways to debugging is to simply output the value of different variables which provides us the first look into what could be going wrong. This could be done in all of models, views and controllers. Rails provides three methods-debug, to_yaml and inspect to achieve this task. These methods create human-readable data from any Ruby object.<ref> http://ruby-doc.org/core-2.0.0/Object.html </ref> The examples below show the output when these methods are used in a view.

Code Output
<%= @users.to_yaml %> --- - !ruby/object:User attributes: id: 2 name: Jimmy Page email: jimmy.page@gmail.com created_at: 2013-09-14 02:37:16.322638000 Z updated_at: 2013-09-16 20:38:04.250678000 Z
<%= @users.inspect %> #<ActiveRecord::Relation [#<User id: 2, name: "Jimmy Page", email: "jimmy.page@gmail.com", created_at: "2013-09-14 02:37:16", updated_at: "2013-09-16 20:38:04">]>
<%= debug @users %>
---
- !ruby/object:User
attributes:
id: 2
name: Jimmy Page
email: jimmy.page@gmail.com
created_at: 2013-09-14 02:37:16.322638000 Z
updated_at: 2013-09-16 20:38:04.250678000 Z

Logger

Logger class in Ruby helps us log information at runtime . Depending on what we choose to save in the log file, it can give us a variety of information such as what SQL queries were sent to databases, methods executed on the controller, attributes of the controller. The default logger for Rails is ActiveSupport::Logger which creates a file(eg. development.log for development environment) under log/ directory.<ref> http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-1.9.3/libdoc/logger/rdoc/Logger.html</ref> There are six logging levels supported by Logger class.<ref> http://railscasts.com/episodes/56-the-logger</ref>

Error Name Error Level Description
UNKNOWN 5 (highest) An unknown message that should always be logged.
FATAL 4 An error that cannot be handled and results in a program crash
ERROR 3 An error that cannot be handled
WARN 2 A warning
INFO 1 Information about system operation
DEBUG 0 (lowest) Information for developers

Examples

logger.info "Users information successfully displayed"
logger.debug "Users contains #{@users}"
logger.fatal "The program could crash"


The different logging levels determine the importance of the message and whether a message is logged or not depends on the current severity level set for an environment. Logger class logs all the messages for which severity level is same or above the current level set. The default logger level for development and production environment is debug and info respectively.<ref> http://rubylearning.com/satishtalim/ruby_logging.html </ref>

Purpose Command/Method/Procedure
Change default log level config.log_level = :info #in any environment initializer

Rails.logger.level = 0 #anywhere

Configure a new logger config.logger = Logger.new(...)

User can pass STDOUT/STDERR or name of a file to the initializer depending on where the log messages need to be sent. The Logger class provides options which age the logfile when it reaches a certain size or time (daily/weekly/monthly etc).

logger = Logger.new('development.log', 'daily')
Clear log messages rake log:clear
Display log file information on terminal window(UNIX) tail -f log/development.log
Put custom messages for debug in models/controllers/views logger.debug

logger.debug_variables

Put custom messages for debug in any other custom class RAILS_DEFAULT_LOGGER
Change format of logger messages Override method format_messages(level, time, progname, message)

Tagged Logging

Debugging a large application could become cumbersome if user decides to log every minor information. Sure removing some of the low level messages could reduce clutter but it is not always an effective solution. Luckily, ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging class provides a way to filter log messages on the basis of tags which could be anything from subdomains to request ids. User can simply grep into or search log file(s) using tags and look for relevant results quickly.<ref> http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/TaggedLogging.html </ref>

logger = ActiveSupport::TaggedLogging.new(Logger.new('logfile.log'))     #creates a new logger
logger.tagged("USR") { logger.info "User info obtained" }                #Logs as "[USR] User info obtained"
logger.tagged("USR", "Jimmy") { logger.info "Jimmy logged in" }          #Logs "[USR] [Jimmy] Jimmy logged in"
logger.tagged("USR") do
  logger.tagged("Jimmy") { logger.info "Jimmy there" }
  logger.info "USR there"
end
# logged as "[USR] [Jimmy] Jimmy there\n[USR] USR there\n"

Debugger Gem

Debugger gem provides a command-line interface for debugging Rails applications step by step as opposed to just logging information which we have discussed so far. With the help of debugger gem, user can put breakpoints, go through code step-wise, inspect contents of variables. The section below provides basic steps to install and use debugger.<ref> https://github.com/cldwalker/debugger </ref>

  • Installation

Run the following command in the command window/terminal.

$ gem install debugger
  • Invoke debugger

User can invoke debugger from inside the code by calling debugger method.

Calling debugger method‎
  • Start Web Server

Start web server in a separate window using --debugger option

$rails server --debugger
Notice Debugger enabled message‎
  • Execute Code

Execute the code as usually and as soon as it comes across debugger method, the code execution will stop and wait for further instructions from the user. The arrow shows where in code has debugger currently stopped.

The window displays 10 lines of code around the line where debugger has stopped‎
  • Commands

Enter help on the command prompt to find all the available commands user can use at this point.

Commands available to user


For further information about a command, use the command

$ help <command>
Help command usage

Ruby-debug Gem

This is the debugger for Ruby v1.8 and ruby-debug19 is for Ruby 1.9. It checks what is going on inside the code of a Ruby program. We can use rdebug to invoke Ruby program by a debugger. Ruby-debug has four main kinds of features for finding bug<ref> http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/ruby-debug.html</ref><ref>http://blog.wyeworks.com/2011/11/1/ruby-1-9-3-and-ruby-debug/</ref>:

  1. Depict anything that seems doubtful to affect your program after starting the script
  2. Specify stop on the script at certain conditions.
  3. After the script has stopped, examine the results.
  4. Modify your script to correct the bug.

Ruby-debug’s prompt is (rdb:n) where n is the thread number. Steps to be followed to use ruby-debug are mentioned below  :

  • Install debugger gem :
 gem install ruby-debug
  • Go to config file and add below command :
 require ‘ruby-debug’
  • Go to the command prompt and and write 'rdebug filename' where filename is the ruby file which you want to debug.
  • Now, a debugger prompt will be opened, there are several commands which we can use to further examine our code:
  1. list :Prints 10 lines centered around the current line(default). We can change this by "set listsize" command.
  2. step :Runs the script one executable unit
  3. p,var, display :Prints and watch the value of a variable. To stop displaying, we use ‘undisplay_variableNumber’.
  4. q, exit :Exit the debugger
  • Use ‘help’ for available commands. We can also get a list of directives with "help", or "help backtrace" for the usage of specific directive.

Some useful commands are mentioned below :

Command Explanation
Backtrace To check all the previous code. To move inside the trace, use frame_n_command
Thread list the ongoing thread, its status.
Info breakpoints _n or info break _n list breakpoints
Restart to start the process again

Some other useful commands are ‘exit’, ‘finish’,'break', ‘continue’, ‘next’, ‘set autoeval’, 'private_methods'.

Pry Gem

Pry is a runtime developer console and an alternative to IRB. It provides many features for debugging code easily such as syntax highlighting, code indentation, ability to check source code or documentation without interrupting the current session. Pry solves the problem of indentation in IRB by resetting the terminal output as soon as a new line is entered.<ref>https://github.com/pry/pry</ref><ref>http://pryrepl.org/</ref><ref>http://rubygems.org/gems/pry</ref>

Steps to use Pry are as mentioned below:

  • Install Pry

Include the following in gemfile

gem 'pry', :group => :development
gem 'pry-rails', :group => :development

Run the bundle install command

$bundle install
  • Change IRB console to Pry Console

For a development environment, add this at the end of development.rb(add the code to corresponding files in other environment).

silence_warnings do
 require 'pry'
 IRB = Pry
end
  • Start Rails server

Start rails server by typing rails server at command prompt.

Start Rails server‎
  • Start a Pry session

Add binding.pry where we want to invoke Pry in the code.

Invoke Pry in the code‎
  • Execute code

Execute the code by loading the Rails website in browser. The execution stops when it encounters binding.pry in the code.

The arrow shows where in code are we currently‎
  • Show the source code/documentation of a method
show-method      #or 
show –doc
  • Move out of a breakpoint
CTRL+D
  • Other Commands

A list of commands supported by Pry can be obtained by typing help on the command shell.<ref> https://github.com/pry/pry/wiki/Command-system#wiki-Help_command</ref>

List of commands‎
Running a sample command‎

Graphical Debugger

Rubymine, a commercial IDE by JetBrains, has a graphical debugger for ruby and rails code. It provides important and useful features such as smart breakpoints, dedicated view for watches and stack, expression evaluator, etc. Some of the key features related to debugging are presented below.<ref>http://www.jetbrains.com/ruby/features/ruby_debugger.html</ref><ref>https://code.google.com/p/rudebug/</ref>

  • Options

Rubymine debugger provides a lot of other options for debugging.

Rubymine Run window‎
  • Breakpoint

One can put breakpoint by simply clicking on the start of the line in the window or pressing Ctrl+Shift+F8. Breakpoint feature highlights the corresponding line in the code.

Creating breakpoint which highlights the corresponding line in the code
  • Frames, Variables and Watches

Rubymine debugger shows a separate window for frames, variables and watches when the execution hits a breakpoint. User can look in the corresponding window for more information.

Rubymine IDE when code execution hits a breakpoint. Notice the different windows for frames, variables and watches‎
  • Evaluate code and expressions

Users can type in expression or code and evaluate it when the breakpoint is hit or on the fly.

Pop-up window to evaluate code on the fly
Pop-up window to evaluate expression at the time of execution

Analysis

As one can gather from the information provided in the previous sections, there are quite a few debugging options available to tackle bugs in Rails applications. Depending on the severity of bug encountered, one can simply choose to output object contents or debug stepwise. The choice also depends on whether the debugger is free or commercially available. Here is a brief analysis.

Debug Option Free/Commercial Comments
Debug Helpers Free Inspect the contents of an object
Logger Free Support for outputting the contents of an object
Tagged Logging Free Support for outputting the contents of object. Tagging feature quite useful for multi-user/large applications.
Debugger gem Free Support for step-wise command-line debugging. Lots of advanced features available.
Ruby-debug gem Free Support for step-wise command-line debugging. Lots of advanced features available.
Pry gem Free Support for step-wise command-line debugging. Lots of advanced commands available for better debugging.
Rubymine Commercial Support for step-wise graphical debugging. Lots of advanced features available.

See Also

The information provided in the sections above are mostly effective for general debugging in Rails. However, it's not an exhaustive list of gems/tools one could use. There are more options available which provide other useful features for ruby/rails debugging.

For more specific cases such as memory usage profiling, memory leak debugging, there are other choices available.

References

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External Links

Computer Science, NC State